ECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE AND INTERN

ECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE
International trade is the voluntary exchange of goods and services between people in different nations. For thousands of years people have benefited from international trade, which provides them with products not available in their homeland. By the mid-1980s international trade amounted to about $2 trillion annually.
At the basis of international trade are the concepts of specialization and economic interdependence. When individuals or businesses produce a single or very narrow range of products, it is called specialization. Many individuals and businesses specialize because by concentrating their efforts on the production of a narrow range of products they are able to increase productivity.
Specialization, however, leads to a decrease in selfsufficiency. If individuals and businesses concentrate on the production of specific goods and services, they must rely on other people to furnish the remaining products that are needed to satisfy their wants and needs. Economists call such dependence economic interdependence.
The same process of specialization and economic interde¬pendence takes place on a national level in international trade. As people in various nations specialize to use their resources better, the nations become less self-sufficient. The political and business leaders of these nations turn to international trade to fulfill some of their wants and needs.
Absolute and comparative advantage. The world’s resources are unevenly distributed. Each nation has a different quantity and quality of natural, human and capital resources. The unequal distribution of resources affects what and how much goods and services a nation can produce.
Two concepts help people to decide which goods and services to produce for export. The two concepts are: absolute advantage and comparative advantage.
Absolute Advantage
The distribution of resources often gives a nation an absolute advantage in the production of a particular product. Absolute advantage means that using the same resources one nation can produce a product at a lower cost than a second
nation.
Brazil, for example, enjoys an absolute advantage over the United States in coffee production. Brazil’s resources - especially its land, climate and inexpensive labor force - enable it to produce large quantities of coffee at a relatively low price compared to the costs for coffee production in the United States. Thus, it is to Brazil’s advantage to export coffee to the United States.
The United States, on the other hand, enjoys an absolute advantage over Brazil in many other areas, particularly in the production of manufactured goods. The United States has well-tapped natural resources, a highly skilled labor force and well-developed means of production for consumer and capital goods. Thus, it is to the advantage of the United States to export manufactured goods to Brazil.
Comparative Advantage
Although nations have an absolute advantage in the production of numerous goods and services, they generally specialize in the production of those items in which they have a comparative advantage. A comparative advantage is the advantage that arises from being able to produce a product at a lower opportunity cost relative to other products.
A nation determines its areas of comparative advantage by calculating the economic benefits received from producing various goods and services. The nation then chooses to specialize in the production of those goods and services that provide the greatest economic benefits. In other words, the nation specializes in those products that can be produced at the least expense relative to the other products that the nation might produce.
Difference Between Absolute Advantage and Comparative Advantage
A nation’s absolute advantage is measured in relation to other nations. A nation has an absolute advantage in the production of a product any time it can produce that product at a lower cost than can other nation. A nation’s comparative advantage is measured in relation to all of the goods and services the nation produces. A nation has a comparative advantage in those products that have the lowest opportunity costs.
By specializing in the production of the product it can pro¬duce most efficiently, each nation is able to make the best use of its available resources. International trade then allows each nation to enjoy the most products at the lowest opportunity costs.

Результаты (русский) 1:

ECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE AND INTERNATIONAL TRADEInternational trade is the voluntary exchange of goods and services between people in different nations. For thousands of years people have benefited from international trade, which provides them with products not available in their homeland. By the mid-1980s international trade amounted to about $2 trillion annually.At the basis of international trade are the concepts of specialization and economic interdependence. When individuals or businesses produce a single or very narrow range of products, it is called specialization. Many individuals and businesses specialize because by concentrating their efforts on the production of a narrow range of products they are able to increase productivity.Specialization, however, leads to a decrease in selfsufficiency. If individuals and businesses concentrate on the production of specific goods and services, they must rely on other people to furnish the remaining products that are needed to satisfy their wants and needs. Economists call such dependence economic interdependence.The same process of specialization and economic interde¬pendence takes place on a national level in international trade. As people in various nations specialize to use their resources better, the nations become less self-sufficient. The political and business leaders of these nations turn to international trade to fulfill some of their wants and needs.Absolute and comparative advantage. The world’s resources are unevenly distributed. Each nation has a different quantity and quality of natural, human and capital resources. The unequal distribution of resources affects what and how much goods and services a nation can produce.Two concepts help people to decide which goods and services to produce for export. The two concepts are: absolute advantage and comparative advantage.Absolute AdvantageThe distribution of resources often gives a nation an absolute advantage in the production of a particular product. Absolute advantage means that using the same resources one nation can produce a product at a lower cost than a secondnation.Brazil, for example, enjoys an absolute advantage over the United States in coffee production. Brazil’s resources - especially its land, climate and inexpensive labor force - enable it to produce large quantities of coffee at a relatively low price compared to the costs for coffee production in the United States. Thus, it is to Brazil’s advantage to export coffee to the United States.The United States, on the other hand, enjoys an absolute advantage over Brazil in many other areas, particularly in the production of manufactured goods. The United States has well-tapped natural resources, a highly skilled labor force and well-developed means of production for consumer and capital goods. Thus, it is to the advantage of the United States to export manufactured goods to Brazil.Сравнительное преимуществоХотя Наций имеют абсолютное преимущество в производстве многочисленных товаров и услуг, они обычно специализируются на производстве этих пунктов, в которых они имеют сравнительные преимущества. Сравнительное преимущество это то преимущество, что возникает возможность производить продукцию по более низкой цене возможностей по сравнению с другими продуктами.Нация определяет ее областях сравнительных преимуществ путем расчета экономических выгод, полученных от производства различных товаров и услуг. Нации затем выбирает специализацию в производстве тех товаров и услуг, которые обеспечивают наибольшие экономические выгоды. Другими словами народ специализируется на те продукты, которые могут быть получены за счет наименее по сравнению с другими продуктами, которые страны могли бы производить.Разница между абсолютным преимуществом и сравнительные преимуществаБезусловным преимуществом нации измеряется относительно других Наций. Нация имеет абсолютное преимущество в производстве продукта в любое время он может производить этот товар по более низкой цене, чем другие нации. Сравнительное преимущество нации измеряется в отношении всех товаров и услуг производит нации. Страна обладает сравнительными преимуществами в этих продуктах, которые имеют низкие издержки.Специализируется на производстве продукции это может pro¬duce наиболее эффективно, каждая нация способна сделать наилучшим образом использовать имеющиеся ресурсы. Международной торговли позволяет каждой нации пользоваться большинство продуктов на низкие издержки.

Результаты (русский) 3:

экономическая взаимозависимость и международная торговля
международной торговли является добровольного обмена товарами и услугами между людьми разных стран.тысячелетиями люди воспользовались преимуществами международной торговли, которая обеспечивает их продукции нет на родине.в середине 80 - х годов международной торговли составила около 2 триллионов долларов сша в год.
на основе международной торговли являются концепции специализации и экономической взаимозависимости.когда лица или предприятия, выработать единый или очень узкий ассортимент продукции, это называется специализации.многие люди и предприятия, специализирующиеся, потому что сосредоточить свои усилия на производстве узкого круга продуктов, они смогут увеличить производительность.
специализации,тем не менее, ведет к снижению selfsufficiency.если частным лицам и предприятиям сосредоточиться на производстве товаров и услуг, они должны полагаться на других людей, чтобы представить оставшиеся продукты, необходимые для удовлетворения своих желаний и потребностей.экономисты называют такую зависимость экономической взаимозависимости.
тот же процесс специализации и экономической interde ¬ pendence осуществляется на национальном уровне в международной торговле.как люди в разных странах специализируются на использование своих ресурсов лучше, наций, становятся менее самостоятельными.политические и бизнес - лидеров этих стран в свою очередь для международной торговли, чтобы выполнить некоторые из их желания и потребности.
абсолютные и относительные преимущества.мировые ресурсы распределяются неравномерно.каждая нация имеет другое качество и количество природных, людских и финансовых ресурсов.неравное распределение ресурсов влияет на то, что и сколько товаров и услуг нации может привести.
две концепции помогать людям решать, какие товары и услуги производить на экспорт.эти два понятия: абсолютное преимущество и сравнительные преимущества.