1. By cheque (but it is not practic

1. By cheque (but it is not practicable as a cheque is payable in the country of origin. That’s why cheques are mostly used for payment in home trade.)
2. By telegraphic or telex transfers or post (mail) remittance which is made from the Buyers* bank ac¬count to the Sellers’ in accordance with the Buyers’ letter of instruction. Actually this method of cash payment may sometimes take several months, which is naturally very disadvantageous to the Sellers. The transfer is carried out at current rates of exchange.
3. By letter of credit (or just by credit) — L/C
The following types of letters of credit are usually
used: irrevocable, confirmed and revolving.
• An irrevocable L/C is one which can neither be modified nor cancelled without the consent of the party in whose favour it has been opened.
• A confirmed L/C is an irrevocable L/C, payment under which is guaranteed by a first class bank in case the opener of the L/C (i.e. the Buyers) or the bank effecting payment defaults, or is una¬ble to make payment.
• A revolving L/C is one under which its value is constantly made up to a given limit after pay¬ment for each shipment, which saves the charg¬es on multiple letters of credit.
The Letter of Credit i3 the most frequently used method of cash payment because it is advantageous and secure both to the Exporter and to the Importer though it is more expensive than payment by trans¬fer. It overcomes the gap between Delivery and pay¬ment and gives protection to the Sellers by making the money available for them on the fulfilment of the transaction and to the Buyers because they know that payment will only be made against shipping documents giving them the title for the goods. This method OT payment is often used in dealings with developing coun¬tries.
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4. For collection (Payment for collection does not give any advantages to the Exporter because it does not give any guarantee that he will receive payment in time or at all. That’s why the Exporter usually Requires that the Importer presents a guarantee of a first class bank that payment will be effected in due time. Also, there is a long period of time between the delivery of the goods and actual payment. But it is advantageous to the Importer because there is no need to withdraw from circulation big sums of money be¬fore actually receiving the goods).
Payment for collection against documents (with subsequent acceptance or very often telegraphic col¬lection with subsequent acceptance) is mostly used in trade with East European countries.
The costs involved in effecting payment for collec¬tion are twice or three times lower than those by let¬ter of credit. Most modern business is done on a cred¬it basis which may be:
1) by draft8 (by Bills of Exchange — B/E) — the Exporter credits the Importer which is advantageous to the latter.
A draft (a bill of exchange) is an order in writing from a Creditor to a Debtor to pay on demand or on a named date a certain sum of money to a company named on the Bill, or to their order. It is drawn by the Sell-ers on the Buyers and is sent through a bank to the Buyers for acceptance (i.e. for acknowledging the debt). The draft becomes legally binding when signed and dated by the Buyers on its face (front) and is to be met when due, i.e. 30, 60 or 90 days after presenta¬tion. The draft may be negotiable, i.e. it may be used by the Sellers to pay their own debts, but in this case the Sellers are to endorse it by signing it on its back, then they can pass it on to the new holders.
If the exporter wants immediate payment, he can discount the draft in return for a cash advance with a bank for a commission, i.e. sell it to a bank for its face value less interest, and by supplying a document (a letter of hypothecation) giving the bank the legal right to claim the goods if necessary. Besides, he may leave it with a bank as security for a loan. All this makes the Draft a very practical method of payment in foreign trade. To sum up its advantages — it sim¬plifies the financing of export and import foreign trade and cuts down innumerable movement« of currency.
There may be two main types of drafts:
Sights Drafts, which are payable on presentation (at sight) or on acceptance and
Term Drafts, which are drawn at various periods (terms) and are payable at a future date and not im-mediately they are accepted. Term drafts may pass through several hands before maturity and require endorsement by the Sellers.
2) in advance (the Importer credits the Exporter, for example, the contract may stipulate a 10 or 15 % advance payment, which is advantageous to the Sell¬ers). This method is used when the Buyers are un¬known to the Sellers or in the case of a single isolated transaction or as part of combination of methods in a large-scale (transaction) contract.
3) on an open account. Open account terms are usually granted by the Sellers to the regular Buyers’ or customers in whom the Sellers have complete con¬fidence, but sometimes they are granted when the Sell¬ers want to attract new Buyers then they risk their money for that purpose. Actual payment is made monthly, quarterly or annually as agreed upon. This method is disadvantageous to the Exporter, but may be good to gain new markets.
The two methods of payment (in cash and on cred¬it) are very often combined in a contract. Drafts, for example, may be presented under a letter of credit and there may be other, sometimes very complicated combinations of various methods of payment stipulat¬ed in a contract.
The currency to be used for payment is a matter for arrangement between the counterparts.

Результаты (украинский) 3:

1. Чеком (але це - не practicable як чек є платний у країні походження. Котрий чому бони значною мірою використовуються для платежу у домашній торгівлі.)

2. telegraphic або переміщенням телексу або поштою (пошта) переказ котрий робиться з Buyers* банку ac¬count до Продавців згідно з Покупцями лист від інструкції.Фактично цей метод касового платежу може інколи взяти декілька місяців, котрий є природньо дуже збиткові до Продавців. Переміщення виконується у поточних ставках обміну.

3. Акредитивом (або тільки кредитом) — L/C
the наступні типи акредитивів usually
used: безповоротний, підтверджений та обертаючий.
• Безповоротний L/C котрий зможуть ні вміють модифікований скасовував без згоди сторони у чиїй прихильності це є відкрите.
• Підтверджений L/C є безповоротний L/C, платіж під котрим гарантується першим класом кладуть в банк у випадку більш відкритий L/C (тобто Покупці) або банк effecting платіжні неявка, або una¬ble щоб зробити платіж.
• Обертаючий L/C під котрим його величина стало подана складатися до межі після pay¬ment для кожного завантаження, котрий рятує charg¬es на багаторазових акредитивах.
Акредитив i3 найбільш часто використав метод готівки платіж тому, що це є сприятливе та забезпечують і до Експортера і до Імпортера хоч це є більше коштовне ніж платіж trans¬fer.Це долає проміжок між Постачанням та pay¬ment та дає захист Продавцям заробляючи гроші наявні для них на виконанні ведення та до Покупців тому, що вони знають що платіж буде тільки зроблений проти перевозячих документів даючих їм назву для товарів. Цей метод OT платіж часто використовується у вчинках з developing coun¬tries.
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4.Для колекції (Платіж за колекцію не дає будь-які переваги Експортеру тому, що це не дає будь-який гарантійний що він отримає платіж своєчасно або зовсім. Котрий чому Експортер звичайно Вимагає що Імпортер представляє гарантію першокласного банку що платіж буде effected своєчасно. Також,Є довгий період часу між постачанням товарів та фактичного платежу. Але сприятливо до Імпортера тому, що немає потреби вилучити з циркуляції великі суми грошей be¬fore фактично підсобне приміщення товари).