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The term "engineering" is a modern one. The New Marriam-
Webster Dictionary gives the explanation of the word "engineering"
as the practical application of scientific and mathematical principles.
Nowadays the term "engineering" means, as a rule, the art of
designing, constructing, or using engines. But this word is now applied
*in a more extended sense.1 It is applied also to the art of
executing such works as the objects of civil and military architecture,
in which engines or other mechanical appliances are used. Engineering
is divided into many branches. The most important of them
are: civil, mechanical, electrical, nuclear, mining, military, marine,
and sanitary engineering.
While the definition "civil engineering " dates back only two centuries,
the profession of civil engineer is as old as civilized life. It
started developing with the rise of ancient Rome. In order to understand
clearly what civil engineering constitutes nowadays, let us
consider briefly the development of different branches of engineering.
Some form of building and utilization of the materials and forces
of nature have always been necessary for the people from the
prehistoric times. The people had to protect themselves against the
elements and sustain themselves in the conflict with nature.
First the word "civil engineering" was used to distinguish the
work of the engineer with a non-military purpose from that of a military
engineer. And up to about the middle of the 18th century there
were two main branches of engineering — civil and military. T h e
former included all those branches of the constructive.art not directly
connected with military operations and the constructions of fortifications,
while the latter2, military engineering, concerned itself with the applications of science and the utilization of building materials
in the art of war.
But as time went on, the art of civil engineering was enriched with
new achievements of science. With the beginning of the Industrial
Revolution and later ther,e came a remarkable series of mechanical
inventions, great discoveries in electrical science and atomic energy.
It led to differentiation of mechanical, electrical, nuclear engineering,
etc.
It is a well-known fact that with the invention of the steam engine
and the growth of factories a number of civil engineers became interested
in the practical application of the science of mechanics and
thermodynamics to the design of machines. They separated themselves
from civil engineering, and were called "mechanical engineers".
With the development of the science of electricity, there appeared
another branch of the engineering — electrical engineering. It is
devided now into two main branches: communications engineering
and power engineering.
In the middle of the 20lh century there appeared some other new
branches of engineering — nuclear engineering and space engineering.
The former is based on atomic physics, the latter — on the
achievements of modern science and engineering.
At present there are hundreds of subdivisions of engineering, but
they all, at one time or another, branched off from civil engineering.
The term "civil engineering" has two distinct meanings. In the
widest and oldest sense it includes all non-military branches of engineering
as it did two centuries ago. But in its narrower, and at the
present day more correct sense, civil engineering includes mechanical
engineering, electrical engineering, metallurgical, and mining
engineering.
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