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From its earliest days, Britain was an object of desire. 00:00:26,295 — > 00:00:31,847 Tacitus declared it "pretium victoriae" - worth the conquest, the best compliment that could occur to a Roman. 00:00:37,095 — > 00:00:39,655 He had never visited these shores but was nonetheless convinced that Britannia was rich in gold. 00:00:46,895 — > 00:00:50,604 Silver was abundant too. Apparently so were pearls, though Tacitus had heard they were grey, like the overcast, rain-heavy skies, and the natives only bother to collected them when they were cast up on the shore. 00:01:03,735 — > 00:01:06,613 As far as the Roman historians were concerned, Britannia may be off at the edge of the world, but it was off the edge of their world, not in a barbarian wilderness. 00:01:15,135 — > 00:01:19,367 If those writers had been able to travel in time as well as space to the northernmost of our islands, the Orcades - our modern Orkney - they would have seen something much more astonishing than pearls: Signs of a civilization thousands of years older than Rome. 00:02:23,335 — > 00:02:28,011 There are remains of Stone Age life all over Britain and Ireland. 00:02:29,815 — > 00:02:34,093 But nowhere as abundantly as Orkney, with its mounds, graves and its great circles of standing stones like here at Brodgar. Vast, imposing and utterly unknowable. 00:02:46,615 — > 00:02:53,168 Orkney has another Neolithic site, even more impressive than Brodgar, the last thing you would expect from the Stone Age, a shockingly familiar glimpse of ancient domestic life. 00:03:00,815 — > 00:03:04,091 Perched on the western coast of Orkney's main island, a village called Skara Brae. 00:03:15,575 — > 00:03:19,966 Beneath an area no bigger than the 18th green of a golf course lies Europe's most complete Neolithic community, preserved for 5,000 years under a blanket of sand and grass until uncovered in 1850 by a ferocious sea storm. 00:03:44,815 — > 00:03:47,409 This is a recognisable village. Neatly fitted into its landscape between pasture and sea, intimate, domestic and self-sufficient. 00:03:55,775 — > 00:03:59,688 Technically still the Stone Age and Neolithic period, these are not huts, they're true houses, built from sandstone slabs that lie all around the island and gave stout protection to villagers at Skara Brae, from their biting Orcadian winds. 00:04:17,095 — > 00:04:21,407 They were real neighbours, living cheek by jowl, their houses connected by walled, sometimes decorated alleyways. 00:04:25,655 — > 00:04:30,445 It is easy to imagine gossip travelling down those alleys after a hearty seafood supper. 00:04:36,655 — > 00:04:40,614 We have everything you could want from a village except a church and a pub. 00:04:46,295 — > 00:04:51,323 In 3,000 BC, the sea and air were warmer than they are now. Once they'd settled in their sandstone houses, they could harvest red bream and mussels and oysters that were abundant in the shallows. 00:05:14,615 — > 00:05:17,049 Cattle gave meat and milk and dogs were kept for hunting and for company. 00:05:19,535 — > 00:05:23,414 In Neolithic times there would have been a dozen houses, half-dug into the ground for comfort and safety. 00:05:28,015 — > 00:05:32,452 A thriving, bustling little community of 50 or 60. 00:05:35,095 — > 00:05:37,563 The real miracle of Skara Brae is that these houses were not mere shelters.
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