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UK Competitiveness and theInternati

UK Competitiveness and the
International Financial Services
Cluster in London
Microeconomics of Competitiveness
May 4, 2007
Kirk Allen
Adrian Brown
Josh Friedman
Sandra Nudelman
Patrick O’Brien
CONTENTS
SECTION 1: Competitiveness of the United Kingdom
- Overall Economic Performance
- Composition of the Economy and Mix of Economic Activity by Cluster
- Macroeconomic, Political, Legal, and Social Context
- National Diamond
- Institutions for Collaboration
- Strategic Issues and Recommendations
SECTION 2: The Financial Services Cluster in London
- Historical Evolution of the Cluster
- Mapping the Cluster
- Historical Cluster Performance
- Explaining Cluster Performance: The Cluster Diamond
- Strategic Issues and Recommendations
1
SECTION I: COMPETITIVENESS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM
Overall Economic Performance
The UK economy has posted impressive performance over the past decade, with a strong record
of GDP growth combined with high employment and low inflation. Despite this record, UK
competitiveness continues to lag key competitors, and labor productivity must be improved in
order for the UK to narrow its performance gap with the US.
UK GDP growth over the past 25 years has been strong, outpacing the rest of the G7
(IMF WEO, 2007) (Exhibit 1). Strong domestic demand has been the predominant driver of this
growth, offset by a slightly negative trade balance (Exhibit 2). Unemployment remains low
(currently 5.5%) and inflation has been largely within the Bank of England’s target range of 1-
3% since 1997 (Economist Intelligence Unit, 2006). Commentators remain bullish on the UK
economy despite recent rises in inflation (3.1% CPI) and interest rates (5.25%), with growth
expected to continue through 2007 and inflation falling back to target by year end (EIU, 2006).
Exhibit 1: UK GDP Per Capita Growth vs. Peers Exhibit 2: Drivers of UK GDP Growth
Source: IMF WEO 2006. Source: Office of National Statistics, 2007.
Despite this impressive record, the UK lags its competitors on several dimensions of
competitiveness. Both labor force utilization and labor productivity significantly lag the US
(Exhibit 3). Looking at GDP per worker over time, the UK is making progress in closing the
gap with its European peers but the gap with the US remains large and is widening (Exhibit 4).
GDP per capita, constant prices
(Source: IMF WEO data)
CAGR CAGR CAGR CAGR CAGR CAGR
(80-85) (85-90) (90-95) (95-00) (00-05) (80-05)
Canada 1.7% 1.5% 0.6% 3.2% 1.5% 1.7%
France 0.5% 2.5% 0.7% 2.2% 0.8% 1.3%
Germany 1.3% 2.7% 1.5% 1.8% 0.6% 1.6%
Italy 1.6% 3.1% 1.2% 1.9% 0.1% 1.6%
Japan 2.4% 4.3% 1.2% 0.7% 1.3% 2.0%
United States 2.3% 2.3% 1.2% 2.9% 1.4% 2.0%
United Kingdom 1.9% 3.0% 1.4% 2.9% 2.0% 2.2%
Annual GDP Growth Rank 3 3 2 3 1 1
G7 Simple Average (excl. UK) 1.6% 2.7% 1.0% 2.1% 0.9% 1.7%
UK over (under-) performance 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.8% 1.0% 0.5%
2
Exhibit 3: Labor Force Utilization and Productivity Exhibit 4: GDP Per Worker
Source: OECD Factbook, 2006 and team analysis1 Source: UK Department of Trade & Industry, 2006
Labor productivity explains much of the UK’s performance gap and will likely drive its
ability to close this gap in the future. In an effort to increase productivity, three contributing
factors to labor productivity have received government attention: education and skill
development, infrastructure improvements, and R&D investment. Several other factors that are
not rooted in the UK’s fundamental competitiveness have likely contributed to recent GDP
growth. First, the government has pursued an expansive fiscal policy since 2000 (EIU, 2006).
Government expenditure has risen from 38% of GDP in 2000 to 44% of GDP in 2006 (EIU,
2006). Over the same period, a government budget surplus of 4% of GDP has reversed to a 3%
budget deficit (EIU, 2006). This may necessitate future tax increases, which could hurt
competitiveness. Second, the UK housing market boom, during which the average home price
has tripled in the last ten years, has contributed to robust consumer spending, much of which has
been debt-financed (Economist, 2007). Finally, the UK has benefited recently from a massive
inflow of immigrant workers, which may have boosted GDP as much as 1% since 2004 and over
3% since 1997, according to some estimates (Economist, 2007).
1 http://fiordiliji.sourceoecd.org/pdf/fact2006pdf/10-03-02.pdf
Australia
Belgium
Canada
Germany
Greece
Japan Ireland
Netherlands
Norway
Spain
Sweden
United States
Denmark
Finland
France
Italy
Switzerland
United
Kingdom
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
70 100 130
Labor Productivity, 2006, UK=100
L ab o r F o rce Utiliz atio n , 2006,
UK= 100
90
100
110
120
130
140
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
US
France
UK
Germany
Index, UK = 100
3
Composition of the Economy and Mix of Economic Activity by Cluster
The UK boasts one of the most advanced economies in the world. Its strongest and deepest
clusters are in service industries, though many other clusters remain competitive globally. As a
result, the UK enjoys considerable inward FDI, particularly from the US.
As is the case for most advanced economies, services dominate the UK economy and
account for 73.4% of GDP (IMF WEO, 2007). Exhibit 5 shows that services represent four of
the country’s six largest clusters, with the business services and financial services clusters being
global leaders. Several strong supporting clusters exist, including communications services, IT,
publishing and printing, and, to an extent, transportation and hospitality.
The UK was the second largest recipient of inward FDI in the world in 2006 (behind the
US), attracting nearly $170 billion (Exhibit 6). The US represents the largest source of UK
inward FDI, with a stock of roughly $150 billion (UNCTAD, 2007).2 Other large investors
include the major European economies, Canada, Japan, and Australia. Much of this activity can
be explained by increasing interest in British companies as M&A targets for foreign firms. UK
firms bought by overseas groups in recent years include Corus, Abbey National and P&O (BBC,
2007). This M&A activity is a testament to the UK’s liberal foreign ownership laws and lack of
national protectionist sentiment.
The UK also remains one of the world’s most important sources of FDI as the second
largest investor behind the US. This indicates that British businesses have a global perspective
and are eager to seek international opportunities (UNCTAD, 2007).3
2
www.metrics2.com/blog/2007/01/18/global_foreign_direct_investment_inflows_surged_34.html
3
www.metrics2.com/blog/2007/01/18/global_foreign_direct_investment_inflows_surged_34.html
4
Exhibit 5: UK Clusters: Global Share
8 6 4 2 0
10
12
14
16
18
20%
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4%
Tobacco
Publishing
and Printing
Medical
Devices
Analytical
Instruments
Aerospace
Engines
Communications
Services
Chemical
Products
Jewelry,
Precious Metals
and Collectibles
Information
Technology
Biopharmaceuticals
Communications
Equipment
Transportation
and Logistics
Hospitality
and Tourism
Oil and Gas
Products
Financial
Services
Automotive
Business Services
World export share
Change in global export share (1997-2005)
Source: ICCP, 2007
Exhibit 6: FDI Inflows to Developed Economies ($bn)
Source: UNCTAD, 2007
Macroeconomic, Political, Legal, and Social Context
The Thatcherite reforms of the 1980’s set the macroeconomic stage for a quarter century of
economic growth in the UK, and competitiveness remains high today. UK membership in the EU
has created both opportunities and risks over the years. Additionally, the UK’s economic
success has not been equally shared across geographic regions or socioeconomic classes, with
potential implications for political and social stability going forward.
5
Margaret Thatcher came to power in 1979 following three decades of failed post-war
economic policies (Exhibit 7). The Conservative government introduced sweeping economic
reforms, including the privatization and deregulation of industry, increased fiscal discipline, and
tight monetary policies. Among the new government’s first moves was the elimination of
foreign exchange and capital controls. These policies helped catalyze major changes in the
financial markets (coming to be known as the “Big Bang”) and improved UK competitiveness,
and their benefits are still felt today (Middleton, 2000).
Importantly, when Tony Blair and the Labour Party gained power in 1997, the
privatization and economic liberalization agenda of the Thatcher era was not reversed. Rather, in
a surprise move, the Bank of England was granted independence and given an inflation targeting
remit. The Chancellor of the Exchequer, Gordon Brown, imposed fiscal discipline through his
so-called “Golden Rule” of only borrowing to invest over the course of each economic cycle. In
his most recent budget, Brown cut the corporate tax rate from 30% to 28%, making it the most
competitive rate in the G7 (Economist, 2007).
Recent macroeconomic concerns have focused on rising inflation (currently 3.1% using
the preferred Consumer Price Index measure), slightly above the Bank of England’s 2% target
(Economist, 2007). Rising oil prices and a housing market bubble have been blamed, and
interest rates are widely expected to rise to 5.5% when the Bank’s monetary policy committee
meets in early May (Economist, 2007). The UK's trade deficit has also deteriorated recently,
widening to £4.3bn in January. However, the UK’s export portfolio remains robust, accounting
for 4.5% of global export share (ONS, 2007). Generally, UK services have been increasing
global share, offsetting declines in exports of goods (ONS, 2007).
6
The domestic political agenda is increasingly framed by deepening EU integration. In the
1980’s, Mrs. Thatcher famously asked for the UK’s “money back” in response to European
agricultural subsidies; the British public remains “Eurosceptic” relative to their Continental
neighbors. The UK business community also regards the EU with caution, recognizing that, as
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UK Competitiveness and theInternational Financial ServicesCluster in LondonMicroeconomics of CompetitivenessMay 4, 2007Kirk AllenAdrian BrownJosh FriedmanSandra NudelmanPatrick O’BrienCONTENTSSECTION 1: Competitiveness of the United Kingdom- Overall Economic Performance- Composition of the Economy and Mix of Economic Activity by Cluster- Macroeconomic, Political, Legal, and Social Context- National Diamond- Institutions for Collaboration- Strategic Issues and RecommendationsSECTION 2: The Financial Services Cluster in London- Historical Evolution of the Cluster- Mapping the Cluster- Historical Cluster Performance- Explaining Cluster Performance: The Cluster Diamond- Strategic Issues and Recommendations1SECTION I: COMPETITIVENESS OF THE UNITED KINGDOMOverall Economic PerformanceThe UK economy has posted impressive performance over the past decade, with a strong recordof GDP growth combined with high employment and low inflation. Despite this record, UKcompetitiveness continues to lag key competitors, and labor productivity must be improved inorder for the UK to narrow its performance gap with the US.UK GDP growth over the past 25 years has been strong, outpacing the rest of the G7(IMF WEO, 2007) (Exhibit 1). Strong domestic demand has been the predominant driver of thisgrowth, offset by a slightly negative trade balance (Exhibit 2). Unemployment remains low(currently 5.5%) and inflation has been largely within the Bank of England’s target range of 1-3% since 1997 (Economist Intelligence Unit, 2006). Commentators remain bullish on the UKeconomy despite recent rises in inflation (3.1% CPI) and interest rates (5.25%), with growthexpected to continue through 2007 and inflation falling back to target by year end (EIU, 2006).Exhibit 1: UK GDP Per Capita Growth vs. Peers Exhibit 2: Drivers of UK GDP GrowthSource: IMF WEO 2006. Source: Office of National Statistics, 2007.Despite this impressive record, the UK lags its competitors on several dimensions ofcompetitiveness. Both labor force utilization and labor productivity significantly lag the US(Exhibit 3). Looking at GDP per worker over time, the UK is making progress in closing thegap with its European peers but the gap with the US remains large and is widening (Exhibit 4).GDP per capita, constant prices(Source: IMF WEO data)CAGR CAGR CAGR CAGR CAGR CAGR(80-85) (85-90) (90-95) (95-00) (00-05) (80-05)Canada 1.7% 1.5% 0.6% 3.2% 1.5% 1.7%France 0.5% 2.5% 0.7% 2.2% 0.8% 1.3%Germany 1.3% 2.7% 1.5% 1.8% 0.6% 1.6%Italy 1.6% 3.1% 1.2% 1.9% 0.1% 1.6%Japan 2.4% 4.3% 1.2% 0.7% 1.3% 2.0%United States 2.3% 2.3% 1.2% 2.9% 1.4% 2.0%United Kingdom 1.9% 3.0% 1.4% 2.9% 2.0% 2.2%Annual GDP Growth Rank 3 3 2 3 1 1G7 Simple Average (excl. UK) 1.6% 2.7% 1.0% 2.1% 0.9% 1.7%UK over (under-) performance 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.8% 1.0% 0.5%2Exhibit 3: Labor Force Utilization and Productivity Exhibit 4: GDP Per WorkerSource: OECD Factbook, 2006 and team analysis1 Source: UK Department of Trade & Industry, 2006Labor productivity explains much of the UK’s performance gap and will likely drive itsability to close this gap in the future. In an effort to increase productivity, three contributingfactors to labor productivity have received government attention: education and skilldevelopment, infrastructure improvements, and R&D investment. Several other factors that arenot rooted in the UK’s fundamental competitiveness have likely contributed to recent GDPgrowth. First, the government has pursued an expansive fiscal policy since 2000 (EIU, 2006).Government expenditure has risen from 38% of GDP in 2000 to 44% of GDP in 2006 (EIU,2006). Over the same period, a government budget surplus of 4% of GDP has reversed to a 3%budget deficit (EIU, 2006). This may necessitate future tax increases, which could hurtcompetitiveness. Second, the UK housing market boom, during which the average home pricehas tripled in the last ten years, has contributed to robust consumer spending, much of which hasbeen debt-financed (Economist, 2007). Finally, the UK has benefited recently from a massiveinflow of immigrant workers, which may have boosted GDP as much as 1% since 2004 and over3% since 1997, according to some estimates (Economist, 2007).1 http://fiordiliji.sourceoecd.org/pdf/fact2006pdf/10-03-02.pdfAustraliaBelgium
Canada
Germany
Greece
Japan Ireland
Netherlands
Norway
Spain
Sweden
United States
Denmark
Finland
France
Italy
Switzerland
United
Kingdom
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
70 100 130
Labor Productivity, 2006, UK=100
L ab o r F o rce Utiliz atio n , 2006,
UK= 100
90
100
110
120
130
140
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
US
France
UK
Germany
Index, UK = 100
3
Composition of the Economy and Mix of Economic Activity by Cluster
The UK boasts one of the most advanced economies in the world. Its strongest and deepest
clusters are in service industries, though many other clusters remain competitive globally. As a
result, the UK enjoys considerable inward FDI, particularly from the US.
As is the case for most advanced economies, services dominate the UK economy and
account for 73.4% of GDP (IMF WEO, 2007). Exhibit 5 shows that services represent four of
the country’s six largest clusters, with the business services and financial services clusters being
global leaders. Several strong supporting clusters exist, including communications services, IT,
publishing and printing, and, to an extent, transportation and hospitality.
The UK was the second largest recipient of inward FDI in the world in 2006 (behind the
US), attracting nearly $170 billion (Exhibit 6). The US represents the largest source of UK
inward FDI, with a stock of roughly $150 billion (UNCTAD, 2007).2 Other large investors
include the major European economies, Canada, Japan, and Australia. Much of this activity can
be explained by increasing interest in British companies as M&A targets for foreign firms. UK
firms bought by overseas groups in recent years include Corus, Abbey National and P&O (BBC,
2007). This M&A activity is a testament to the UK’s liberal foreign ownership laws and lack of
national protectionist sentiment.
The UK also remains one of the world’s most important sources of FDI as the second
largest investor behind the US. This indicates that British businesses have a global perspective
and are eager to seek international opportunities (UNCTAD, 2007).3
2
www.metrics2.com/blog/2007/01/18/global_foreign_direct_investment_inflows_surged_34.html
3
www.metrics2.com/blog/2007/01/18/global_foreign_direct_investment_inflows_surged_34.html
4
Exhibit 5: UK Clusters: Global Share
8 6 4 2 0
10
12
14
16
18
20%
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4%
Tobacco
Publishing
and Printing
Medical
Devices
Analytical
Instruments
Aerospace
Engines
Communications
Services
Chemical
Products
Jewelry,
Precious Metals
and Collectibles
Information
Technology
Biopharmaceuticals
Communications
Equipment
Transportation
and Logistics
Hospitality
and Tourism
Oil and Gas
Products
Financial
Services
Automotive
Business Services
World export share
Change in global export share (1997-2005)
Source: ICCP, 2007
Exhibit 6: FDI Inflows to Developed Economies ($bn)
Source: UNCTAD, 2007
Macroeconomic, Political, Legal, and Social Context
The Thatcherite reforms of the 1980’s set the macroeconomic stage for a quarter century of
economic growth in the UK, and competitiveness remains high today. UK membership in the EU
has created both opportunities and risks over the years. Additionally, the UK’s economic
success has not been equally shared across geographic regions or socioeconomic classes, with
potential implications for political and social stability going forward.
5
Margaret Thatcher came to power in 1979 following three decades of failed post-war
economic policies (Exhibit 7). The Conservative government introduced sweeping economic
reforms, including the privatization and deregulation of industry, increased fiscal discipline, and
tight monetary policies. Among the new government’s first moves was the elimination of
foreign exchange and capital controls. These policies helped catalyze major changes in the
financial markets (coming to be known as the “Big Bang”) and improved UK competitiveness,
and their benefits are still felt today (Middleton, 2000).
Importantly, when Tony Blair and the Labour Party gained power in 1997, the
privatization and economic liberalization agenda of the Thatcher era was not reversed. Rather, in
a surprise move, the Bank of England was granted independence and given an inflation targeting
remit. The Chancellor of the Exchequer, Gordon Brown, imposed fiscal discipline through his
so-called “Golden Rule” of only borrowing to invest over the course of each economic cycle. In
his most recent budget, Brown cut the corporate tax rate from 30% to 28%, making it the most
competitive rate in the G7 (Economist, 2007).
Recent macroeconomic concerns have focused on rising inflation (currently 3.1% using
the preferred Consumer Price Index measure), slightly above the Bank of England’s 2% target
(Economist, 2007). Rising oil prices and a housing market bubble have been blamed, and
interest rates are widely expected to rise to 5.5% when the Bank’s monetary policy committee
meets in early May (Economist, 2007). The UK's trade deficit has also deteriorated recently,
widening to £4.3bn in January. However, the UK’s export portfolio remains robust, accounting
for 4.5% of global export share (ONS, 2007). Generally, UK services have been increasing
global share, offsetting declines in exports of goods (ONS, 2007).
6
The domestic political agenda is increasingly framed by deepening EU integration. In the
1980’s, Mrs. Thatcher famously asked for the UK’s “money back” in response to European
agricultural subsidies; the British public remains “Eurosceptic” relative to their Continental
neighbors. The UK business community also regards the EU with caution, recognizing that, as
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Результаты (румынский) 2:[копия]
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Competitivitate UK și
internațional Servicii Financiare
Cluster în Londra
Microeconomie de competitivitate
05.04.2007
Kirk Allen
Adrian Brown
Josh Friedman
Sandra Nudelman
Patrick O'Brien
CUPRINS
SECȚIUNEA 1: Competitivitatea Regatul Unit
- În general performanței economice
- Componența Economiei și amestecul de Activitatea economică de Cluster
- macroeconomică, politice, juridice, și de contextul social
- National Diamond
- Instituții de Colaborare
- Probleme strategice și recomandări
SECȚIUNEA 2: The Financial Services Cluster in Londra
- evoluția istorică a Cluster
- Cartografierea Cluster
- istoric de performanță Cluster
- explicarea performanțelor Cluster: cluster Diamond
- Probleme strategice și recomandări
1
SECȚIUNEA I: competitivitatea REGATUL UNIT
general Economic Performance
economia Marea Britanie a postat performanță impresionantă în ultimul deceniu, cu un record puternic
de creștere a PIB combinat cu un grad ridicat de muncă și o inflație scăzută . În ciuda acestui fapt înregistrare, Marea Britanie
competitivitatea continuă să rămână concurenților cheie, precum și productivitatea muncii trebuie să fie îmbunătățită în
scopul pentru Marea Britanie, pentru a restrange decalajul de performanță cu SUA.
Creșterea Marea Britanie PIB în ultimii 25 de ani a fost puternică, depășind restul G7
(FMI WEO 2007) (Planșa 1). Cererii interne puternice a fost șoferul predominantă a acestui
creștere, compensată de o balanță comercială ușor negativ (Planșa 2). Rata șomajului rămâne scăzută
(în prezent 5,5%) și inflația a fost în mare parte în cadrul Băncii de intervalul țintă Angliei de 1-
3% din 1997 (Economist Intelligence Unit, 2006). Comentatorii rămân urcarea pe Marea Britanie
economiei, în ciuda creșteri recente a inflației (3,1% IPC) și ratele dobânzilor (5,25%), cu o creștere
de așteptat să continue, prin 2007, iar inflația se încadrează înapoi la țintă până la sfârșitul anului (EIU, 2006).
Planșa 1: Marea Britanie PIB pe locuitor de creștere Raport Peers Planșa 2: Soferi din Marea Britanie Creșterea PIB
Sursa: FMI WEO 2006. Sursa: Biroul National de Statistica, 2007.
În ciuda acestui palmares impresionant, Marea Britanie se situează concurenții săi în mai multe dimensiuni ale
competitivității. Atât utilizarea forței de muncă și productivitatea muncii lag semnificativ SUA
(Planșa 3). Privind la PIB-ul pe lucrător în timp, Marea Britanie este de a face progrese în închiderea
decalajul cu colegii săi europeni, dar diferența cu SUA rămâne mare și se adâncește (Planșa 4).
PIB-ul pe cap de locuitor, prețuri constante
(Sursa: date FMI WEO)
CAGR CAGR CAGR CAGR CAGR CAGR
(80-85) (85-90) (90-95) (95-00) (00-05) (80-05)
Canada 1,7% 1,5% 0,6% 3,2% 1,5% 1,7%
Franța 0.5% 2.5% 0.7% 2.2% 0.8% 1.3%
Germania 1.3% 2.7% 1.5% 1.8% 0.6% 1.6%
Italia 1.6% 3.1% 1.2% 1.9% 0.1% 1.6%
Japonia 2.4% 4.3% 1.2% 0.7% 1.3% 2.0 %
Statele Unite ale Americii 2,3% 2,3% 1,2% 2,9% 1,4% 2,0%
Marea Britanie 1,9% 3,0% 1,4% 2,9% 2,0% 2,2%
a PIB-ului de creștere anuală Locul 3 3 2 3 1 1
G7 medie simplă (excl. UK) 1,6% 2,7 % 1,0% 2,1% 0,9% 1,7%
din Marea Britanie peste (sub-) Performanța 0,3% 0,3% 0,3% 0,8% 1,0% 0,5%
2
Planșa 3: Utilizarea Forței de Muncă și Productivitate Planșa 4: PIB pe lucrător
Sursa: OECD Factbook, 2006 și Echipa analysis1 Sursa: Departamentul Regatului Unit al Comert si Industrie, 2006
Productivitatea muncii explică o mare parte din diferența de performanță din Marea Britanie și va conduce probabil sa
capacitatea de a inchide acest decalaj în viitor. Într-un efort de a crește productivitatea, trei contribuind
factori de productivitate a muncii au beneficiat de o atenție guvern: educație și de calificare
dezvoltare, îmbunătățirea infrastructurii, si R & D de investiții. Mai mulți alți factori care sunt
nu înrădăcinate în competitivitatea fundamentală din Marea Britanie au contribuit probabil recent PIB
creștere. În primul rând, guvernul a urmărit o politică fiscală expansivă din 2000 (EIU, 2006).
Cheltuielile Guvernului a crescut de la 38% din PIB în 2000 la 44% din PIB în 2006 (EIU,
2006). În aceeași perioadă, un excedent bugetar de 4% din PIB a inversat la 3%
deficit bugetar (EIU, 2006). Acest lucru poate necesita creșterea taxelor viitoare, care ar putea afecta
competitivitatea. În al doilea rând, boom-ul pieței imobiliare din Marea Britanie, în care prețul mediu de origine
sa triplat in ultimii zece ani, a contribuit la cheltuielile de consum robuste, din care multe au
fost finanțate datoriei (Economist, 2007). În cele din urmă, Marea Britanie a beneficiat recent de o masivă
intrare de lucrătorilor imigranți, care poate fi stimulat PIB fel de mult ca 1% din 2004 și peste
3% din 1997, potrivit unor estimări (Economist, 2007).
1 Irlanda Țările de Jos Norvegia Spania Suedia Statele Unite Danemarca Finlanda Franța Italia Elveția Regatul Unit de 80 de 85 90 de 95 100 105 110 115 120 70 100 130 Productivitatea muncii, 2006, Marea Britanie = 100 L ab sau F o BRM Utiliz tilizare, 2006, Marea Britanie = 100 90 100 110 120 130 140 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 US Franța Marea Britanie Germania Index, UK = 100 3 Componența Economiei și amestecul de activități economice în Cluster Marea Britanie are una dintre cele mai avansate economii din lume. Sale puternice și mai profunde clustere sunt în industriile de servicii, deși multe alte clustere competitive la nivel global rămân. Ca urmare, Regatul Unit se bucură de considerabilă ISD, în special din SUA. Ca și în cazul pentru majoritatea economiilor avansate, servicii domina economia Marii Britanii și reprezintă 73,4% din PIB (FMI WEO, 2007). Planșa 5 arată că serviciile reprezintă patru din șase mari grupuri din țară, cu serviciile de afaceri și clustere de servicii financiare fiind lideri la nivel mondial. Există mai multe grupuri puternice de sprijin, inclusiv a serviciilor de comunicații, IT, editare și imprimare, și, într-o măsură, de transport și de ospitalitate. Marea Britanie a fost al doilea cel mai mare beneficiar de ISD din lume în anul 2006 (în spatele SUA), atragerea de aproape 170 $ miliarde (Planșa 6). SUA reprezintă cea mai mare sursă de Marea Britanie ISD, cu un stoc de aproximativ 150 de miliarde de $ (UNCTAD, 2007) .2 Alți investitori mari includ marile economii europene, Canada, Japonia, Australia și. O mare parte din această activitate poate fi explicat prin creșterea interesului companiilor britanice ca M & A obiectivele pentru firmele străine. Marea Britanie firmele cumparate de grupuri de peste mări în ultimii ani se numără Corus, Abbey National și P & O (BBC, 2007). Acest M & O activitate este o marturie a legilor de proprietate străină liberale din Marea Britanie și lipsa de sentiment național protecționist. Marea Britanie rămâne, de asemenea, una dintre cele mai importante surse din lume de ISD ca al doilea cel mai mare investitor în spatele Statelor Unite. Acest lucru indică faptul că întreprinderile britanice au o perspectivă globală și sunt dornici să caute oportunități internaționale (UNCTAD, 5: UK Clustere: Global departe 8 6 4 2 0 10 12 14 16 18 20% -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4% Tutun Publishing și Metale și colectionari Informații Tehnologia Biofarmaceutice Comunicații Echipamente de Transport și Logistică Hospitality si Turismului de petrol si gaze Produse Financiare Servicii Automotive Business Services Mondiale cotă de export Modificarea cotei de export la nivel mondial (1997-2005) Sursa: ICCP 2007 Planșa 6: ISD Intrarile de capital din economiile dezvoltate ( $ miliarde) Sursa: UNCTAD, 2007 macroeconomice, politice, juridice, și contextul social Reformele Thatcher din anii 1980 stabilit scena macroeconomic pentru un sfert de secol de creștere economică în Marea Britanie, și a competitivității rămâne ridicată astăzi membru din Marea Britanie în UE. a a creat atât oportunități, cât și riscuri de-a lungul anilor. În plus, economică din Marea Britanie succes nu a fost împărțite în mod egal între regiuni geografice sau clase socio-economice, cu implicații potențiale pentru stabilitatea politică și socială a merge mai departe. 5 Margaret Thatcher a venit la putere in 1979, urmând trei decenii de esuate de după război politicilor economice (Planșa 7). Guvernul conservator a introdus zdrobitoare economice reforme, inclusiv privatizarea și dereglementarea industriei, disciplinei fiscale a crescut, și a politicilor monetare strânse. Printre primele miscari noului guvern a fost eliminarea de schimb valutar și a controalelor de capital. Aceste politici au ajutat cataliza schimbări majore în piețele financiare (care vin să fie cunoscut sub numele de "Big Bang") și îmbunătățirea competitivității Marea Britanie, și beneficiile lor sunt încă simțit astăzi (Middleton, 2000). Important, atunci când Tony Blair și Partidul Muncii a câștigat putere în 1997, agenda de privatizare și liberalizare economică din epoca Thatcher nu a fost inversat. Mai degrabă, în o mișcare surpriză, Banca Angliei a fost acordat independență și dat o țintire a inflației mandat. Cancelarul Trezoreriei, Gordon Brown, a impus disciplina fiscală prin lui așa-numita "regulă de aur" de numai împrumut pentru a investi în cursul fiecărui ciclu economic. În bugetul său cel mai recent, Brown a redus rata impozitului pe profit de la 30% la 28%, ceea ce face cea mai rata competitiv G7 (Economist, 2007). Preocupările macroeconomice recente au concentrat pe creșterea inflației (în prezent 3,1% folosind Consumatorului preferat Indicele prețurilor de măsură), puțin peste Banca de 2% tinta Angliei (Economist, 2007). Creșterea prețurilor la petrol și o bula piața imobiliară au fost acuzat, și ratele dobânzilor sunt de așteptat pe scară largă să crească la 5,5% în cazul Comitetul de politică monetară al Băncii întâlnește la începutul lunii mai (Economist, 2007). De asemenea, deficitul comercial din Marea Britanie sa deteriorat recent, extinderea la £ 4,3 miliarde în luna ianuarie. Cu toate acestea, portofoliul de export din Marea Britanie rămâne robust, reprezentând 4,5% din cota de export la nivel mondial (ONS, 2007). În general, serviciile britanice au crescut cota de nivel mondial, compensând declinul exporturilor de bunuri (ONS, 2007). 6 Agenda politică internă este tot mai încadrată de aprofundarea integrării UE. În anii 1980, doamna Thatcher a cerut faimos pentru Marea Britanie "banii înapoi", ca răspuns la europene subvențiile agricole; publicul britanic rămâne "eurosceptic" în raport cu lor Continental vecini. Marea Britanie Comunitatea de afaceri ceea ce privește, de asemenea, UE cu prudență, recunoscând că, în calitate de




















































































































































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regatul unit a competitivității și a serviciilor financiare internaţionale. "" în londra: microeconomie de competitivitate: 4 mai, 2007: kirk allen: adrian brown: josh friedman: sandra nudelman: patrick o 'brien: conţinutul: secțiunea 1: competitivitate din regatul unit: - performanței economice globale: - structura economiei și amestec de activitatea economică prin grup: - macroeconomice, politice, juridice,și contextul social: - naționale de diamant "- instituţiile pentru colaborare. - probleme strategice și recomandări: secțiunea 2: servicii financiare de la londra. - a evoluției istorice din grup. - a muniţiilor: istorică performanţelor: - explicând performanţelor: grupul diamant. - probleme strategice și recomandări: 1". am:competitivitate din regatul unit: performanței economice globale: economia regatului unit a postat performante, în ultimii zece ani, cu un puternic record: de creșterea pib combinat cu ridicată de ocupare a forţei de muncă şi inflaţia redusă.în ciuda acestui dosar, regatul unit: competitivitatea continuă să fie cheia concurenţi şi productivitatea muncii trebuie să fie îmbunătăţite: pentru ca regatul unit să reduce performanța gol cu noi."marea britanie de creștere a pib - ului în ultimii 25 de ani a fost puternică, bună decât restul g7: (fmi nu facem, 2007) (proba 1).cererea internă puternică a fost predominant de şofer de asta: creşterea, compensată printr - o ușor negativ schimburile comerciale (proba 2).Şomajul rămâne scăzut: (în prezent de 5, 5%) şi inflaţia a fost în mare parte în banca angliei e ţintă între 1 -:
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