TEXT 8D THE EARLY DAYS OF THE AUTOM

TEXT 8D THE EARLY DAYS OF THE AUTOMOBILE
TEXT 8D THE EARLY DAYS OF THE AUTOMOBILE
1. One of the earliest attempts to propel a vehicle by mechanical power was suggested by Isaac Newton. But the first self-propelled vehicle was constructed by the French military engineer Cugnot in 1763. He built a steam-driven engine which had three wheels, carried two passengers and ran at maximum speed of four miles. The carriage was a great achievement but it was far from perfect and extremely inefficient. The supply of steam lasted only 15 minutes and the carriage had to stop every 100 yards to make more steam.
2. In 1825 a steam engine was built in Great Britain. The vehicle carried 18 passengers and covered 8 miles in 45 minutes. However, the progress of motor cars met with great opposition in Great Britain. Further development of the motor car lagged because of the restrictions resulting from legislative acts. The most famous of these acts was the Red Flag Act of 1865, according to which the speed of the steam-driven vehicles was limited to 4 miles per hour and a man with a red flag had to walk in front of it.
Motoring really started in the country after the abolition of this act.
3. In Russia there .were cities where motor cars were outlawed altogether. When, the editor of the local newspaper in the city of Uralsk bought a car, the "governor issued these instructions to the police: "When the vehicle appears in the streets, it is to be stopped and escorted to the police station, where its driver is to be prosecuted."
4. From i860 to 1900 was a period of the application of gasoline engines to motor cars in many countries, The first to perfect gasoline engine was N. Otto who introduced the four-stroke cycle of operation. By that time motor cars got a standard shape and appearance.
In 1896 a procession of motor cars took place from London to Brighton to show how reliable the new vehicles were. In fact, many of the cars broke, for the transmissions were still unreliable and constantly gave trouble.
The cars of that time were very small, two-seated cars with no roof, driven by an engine placed under the seat. Motorists had to carry large cans of fuel and separate spare tyres, for there were no repair or filling stations to serve them.
After World War I it became possible to achieve greater reliability of motor cars, brakes became more efficient. Constant efforts were made to standardize common components. Multi-cylinder engines came into use, most commonly used are four-cylinder engines.
5. Like most other great human achievements, the motor car is not the product of any single inventor. Gradually the development of vehicles driven by internal combustion engine - cars, as they had come to be known, led to the abolition of earlier restrictions. Huge capital began to flow into the automobile industry.
From 1908 to 1924 the number of cars in the world rose from 200 thousand to 20 million; by 1960 it had reached 60 million! No other industry had ever developed at such a rate.
6. There are about 3,000 Americans who like to collect antique cars. They have several clubs such as Antique Automobile Club and Veteran Motor Car Club, which specialize in rare models. The clubs practise meetings where members can exhibit their cars. Collectors can also
advertise in the magazines published by their clubs. Some magazines specialise in a single type of car such as glorious Model "T". A number of museums have exhibitions of antique automobile models whose glory rings in automobile history. But practically the best collection -100 old cars of great rarity - is in possession of William Harrah. He is very influential in his field. The value of his collection is not only historical but also practical: photographs of his cars are used for films and advertisements.
7. In England there is the famous "Beaulieu Motor Museum" - the home for veteran cars.
The founder of the Museum is Lord Montague, the son of one of Englands motoring pioneers, who opened it in 1952 in memory of his father. Lord Montagues father was the first person in England to be fined by the police for speeding. He was fined 5 pounds for going faster than 12 miles per hour!
In the Museum''s collection there is a car called the Silver Ghost which people from near and far go to see. It was built by Rolls-Royce in 1907, and called the Silver Ghost because it ran so silently and was painted silver.
There is a car called The Knight. It is the first British petrol-driven car. Its top speed was only 8 m.p .h.!
In the Museum there is also a two-seater car built in 1903.

Результаты (русский) 1:

TEXT 8D THE EARLY DAYS OF THE AUTOMOBILETEXT 8D THE EARLY DAYS OF THE AUTOMOBILE 1. One of the earliest attempts to propel a vehicle by mechanical power was suggested by Isaac Newton. But the first self-propelled vehicle was constructed by the French military engineer Cugnot in 1763. He built a steam-driven engine which had three wheels, carried two passengers and ran at maximum speed of four miles. The carriage was a great achievement but it was far from perfect and extremely inefficient. The supply of steam lasted only 15 minutes and the carriage had to stop every 100 yards to make more steam. 2. In 1825 a steam engine was built in Great Britain. The vehicle carried 18 passengers and covered 8 miles in 45 minutes. However, the progress of motor cars met with great opposition in Great Britain. Further development of the motor car lagged because of the restrictions resulting from legislative acts. The most famous of these acts was the Red Flag Act of 1865, according to which the speed of the steam-driven vehicles was limited to 4 miles per hour and a man with a red flag had to walk in front of it. Motoring really started in the country after the abolition of this act. 3. In Russia there .were cities where motor cars were outlawed altogether. When, the editor of the local newspaper in the city of Uralsk bought a car, the "governor issued these instructions to the police: "When the vehicle appears in the streets, it is to be stopped and escorted to the police station, where its driver is to be prosecuted." 4. From i860 to 1900 was a period of the application of gasoline engines to motor cars in many countries, The first to perfect gasoline engine was N. Otto who introduced the four-stroke cycle of operation. By that time motor cars got a standard shape and appearance. In 1896 a procession of motor cars took place from London to Brighton to show how reliable the new vehicles were. In fact, many of the cars broke, for the transmissions were still unreliable and constantly gave trouble. The cars of that time were very small, two-seated cars with no roof, driven by an engine placed under the seat. Motorists had to carry large cans of fuel and separate spare tyres, for there were no repair or filling stations to serve them. After World War I it became possible to achieve greater reliability of motor cars, brakes became more efficient. Constant efforts were made to standardize common components. Multi-cylinder engines came into use, most commonly used are four-cylinder engines. 5. Like most other great human achievements, the motor car is not the product of any single inventor. Gradually the development of vehicles driven by internal combustion engine - cars, as they had come to be known, led to the abolition of earlier restrictions. Huge capital began to flow into the automobile industry. From 1908 to 1924 the number of cars in the world rose from 200 thousand to 20 million; by 1960 it had reached 60 million! No other industry had ever developed at such a rate. 6. There are about 3,000 Americans who like to collect antique cars. They have several clubs such as Antique Automobile Club and Veteran Motor Car Club, which specialize in rare models. The clubs practise meetings where members can exhibit their cars. Collectors can also advertise in the magazines published by their clubs. Some magazines specialise in a single type of car such as glorious Model "T". A number of museums have exhibitions of antique automobile models whose glory rings in automobile history. But practically the best collection -100 old cars of great rarity - is in possession of William Harrah. He is very influential in his field. The value of his collection is not only historical but also practical: photographs of his cars are used for films and advertisements. 7. In England there is the famous "Beaulieu Motor Museum" - the home for veteran cars. The founder of the Museum is Lord Montague, the son of one of Englands motoring pioneers, who opened it in 1952 in memory of his father. Lord Montagues father was the first person in England to be fined by the police for speeding. He was fined 5 pounds for going faster than 12 miles per hour! In the Museum''s collection there is a car called the Silver Ghost which people from near and far go to see. It was built by Rolls-Royce in 1907, and called the Silver Ghost because it ran so silently and was painted silver. There is a car called The Knight. It is the first British petrol-driven car. Its top speed was only 8 m.p .h.! В музее есть также двухместного автомобиля, построенный в 1903 году.

Результаты (русский) 3:

текст вес первых дней автомобильтекст вес первых дней автомобиль1.одной из первых попыток вывести средства с помощью механических предложил исаак ньютон.но, во - первых, самоходное транспортное средство было построено французский военный инженер cugnot в 1763.он построил паровых двигателя, которые были три колеса, два пассажира и побежал на максимальной скорости в четырех милях.перевозки является большим достижением, но она далека от совершенства и крайне неэффективно.поставки пара продолжалась всего 15 минут, а перевозки пришлось остановить каждые 100 метров, чтобы больше пара.2.в 1825 году паровым двигателем был построен в великобритании.транспортное средство в 18 пассажиров и распространяется на 8 миль через 45 минут.однако прогресс автомобилей встретился с большим оппозиции в великобритании.дальнейшее развитие автомобильной задерживается из - за ограничения, вытекающие из законодательных актов.наиболее известное из этих актов был красный флаг акт 1865, согласно которой скорость паровой механических транспортных средств ограничивается 4 миль в час, и человек с красным флагом пришлось идти на фронт.автомобилистов действительно начал в стране после отмены этого закона.3.в россии. - городах, где автомобили были полностью запрещено.когда, редактор местной газеты в городе уральск купил машину, "губернатор издал инструкции для полиции:" когда транспортное средство приводится на улицах, он будет остановлен и доставили в полицейский участок, где его водитель будет привлечен к ответственности ".4.из i860 1900 был период применение бензиновых двигателей для автомобилей во многих странах, первый бензиновый двигатель был идеальный. отто, который представил четырехтактный цикла эксплуатации.к этому времени автомобилей есть стандартной форме и внешнему виду.в 1896 году шествие автомобилей состоялось в лондоне в брайтон, чтобы показать, насколько надежными новых транспортных средств.фактически, многие из машин сломалась, для передачи по - прежнему ненадежным и постоянно дал неприятности.машины того времени были очень маленькие, двух сидящих машины без крыши, действие двигателем под сиденье.автомобилисты были вынуждены нести большие банки топлива и отдельно для запасных шин, не было ремонта или азс, чтобы служить им.после первой мировой войны стало возможно добиться большей надежности автомобилей, тормоза стала более эффективной.постоянно были предприняты усилия по стандартизации общих компонентов.многих цилиндров двигателей вступил в использовании, чаще всего используются четырех цилиндров двигателей.5.как и многие другие великие достижения, автомобиль не является результатом какого - либо одного изобретатель.постепенно развитие транспортных средств на двигатель внутреннего сгорания - автомобили, как они пришли, чтобы быть известным, привели к отмене ранее ограничения.огромный капитал начал поступать в автомобильной промышленности.с 1908 по 1924 год количество машин в мире возросла с 200 тыс. до 20 млн. долл. сша; в 1960 году она достигла 60 миллионов!никакие другие отрасли не разработаны на такой уровень.6.существует около 3000 американцев, которые бы коллекционирую антикварные машины.они еще несколько клубов, таких как старого автомобильного клуба и ветеранов автомобильного клуба, которые специализируются в редких моделей.клубы практикуют заседания, на которых члены могут демонстрировать свои машины.коллекционеры могут такжереклама в журналах клубов.некоторые магазины специализируются в один тип автомобиля, таких, как "модели" т ".ряд музеев есть выставки старинных автомобилей моделей, чья слава кольца в автомобильной истории.но практически лучшие коллекции - 100 старых автомобилей большой редкостью - владеет уильям Harrah.он очень влиятельный в своей области.стоимость его коллекцию не только исторические, но также и практические: фотографии его машины используются для фильмов и рекламных роликов.7.в англии есть знаменитый "больё мотормузей" - дом ветеранов автомобилей.основатель музея является лорд монтегю, сын одного из пионеров englands автомобилистов, кто открыл в 1952 году в память о его отце.господин montagues отец был первым человеком в англии будет оштрафован полицией за превышение скорости.он был оштрафован на 5 фунтов за куда быстрее, чем 12 миль в час!в музее "коллекцию машина" серебряный призрак, который люди из ближнего и дальнего посмотреть.он был построен в Rolls - Royce в 1907 году, и призвал серебряный призрак, потому что он убежал так тихо и серебряной краски.машина называется рыцарь.это первый британский бензина на машину.его максимальная скорость была лишь 8 m.p. H.!в музее также двухместному, машина построена в 1903 году.