The Bentham approach was in part su

The Bentham approach was in part superseded in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by a movement known as the neoclassical school. This school, rejecting fixed punishments, proposed that sentences vary with the particular circumstances of a crime, such as the age, intellectual level, and emotional state of the offender; the motives and other conditions that may have incited to crime; and the offender's past record and chances of rehabilitation. The influence of the neoclassical school led to the development of such concepts as grades of crime and punishment, indeterminate sentences, and the limited responsibility of young or mentally deficient offenders.
(3) At about the same time, the so-called Italian school stressed measures for preventing crime rather than punishing it. Members of this school argued that individuals are shaped by forces beyond their control and therefore cannot be held fully responsible for their crimes. They urged birth control, censorship of pornographic literature, and other actions designed to mitigate the influences contributing to crime. The Italian school has had a lasting influence on the thinking of present-day criminologists.
(4) The modern approach to the treatment of criminals owes most to psychiatric and case-study methods. Much continues to be learned from offenders who have been placed on probation or parole and whose behavior, both in and out of prison, has been studied intensively. The contemporary scientific attitude is that criminals are individual personalities and that their rehabilitation can be brought about only through individual treatment. Increased juvenile crime has aroused public concern and has stimulated study of the emotional disturbances that foster delinquency. This growing understanding of delinquency has contributed to the understanding of criminals of all ages.
(5) During recent years, crime has been under attack from many directions. The treatment and rehabilitation of criminals has improved in many areas. The emotional problems of convicts have been studied and efforts have been made to help such offenders. Much, however, remains to be done. Parole boards have engaged persons trained in psychology and social work to help convicts on parole or probation adjust to society. Various states have agencies with programs of reform and rehabilitation for both adult and juvenile offenders.
Many communities have initiated concerted attacks on the conditions that breed crime. Criminologists recognize that both adult and juvenile crime stem chiefly from the breakdown of traditional social norms and controls, resulting from industrialization, urbanization, increasing physical and social mobility, and the effects of economic crises and wars. Most criminologists believe that effective crime prevention requires community agencies and programs to provide the guidance and control performed, ideally and traditionally, by the family and by the force of social custom. Although the crime rate has not drastically diminished as a result of these efforts, it is hoped that the extension and improvement of all valid approaches to prevention of crime eventually will reduce its incidence.

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The Bentham approach was in part superseded in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by a movement known as the neoclassical school. This school, rejecting fixed punishments, proposed that sentences vary with the particular circumstances of a crime, such as the age, intellectual level, and emotional state of the offender; the motives and other conditions that may have incited to crime; and the offender's past record and chances of rehabilitation. The influence of the neoclassical school led to the development of such concepts as grades of crime and punishment, indeterminate sentences, and the limited responsibility of young or mentally deficient offenders.(3) At about the same time, the so-called Italian school stressed measures for preventing crime rather than punishing it. Members of this school argued that individuals are shaped by forces beyond their control and therefore cannot be held fully responsible for their crimes. They urged birth control, censorship of pornographic literature, and other actions designed to mitigate the influences contributing to crime. The Italian school has had a lasting influence on the thinking of present-day criminologists. (4 современный подход к лечению преступников обязана большинство методов психиатрической и тематические исследования. Многое по-прежнему можно извлечь от преступников, которые были размещены на испытательный срок или условно-досрочного освобождения и интенсивно изучалось поведение которых, как в и из тюрьмы. Современное научное отношение является преступники являются отдельные личности, и что их реабилитации может быть достигнуто только на основе индивидуального лечения. Увеличение преступности среди несовершеннолетних вызвала озабоченность общественности и стимулировало изучение эмоциональных расстройств, которые поощряют преступность. Это растущее понимание преступности способствовало пониманию преступников всех возрастов.(5) в последние годы было преступление нападкам с различных сторон. Улучшилось во многих областях лечения и реабилитации преступников. Эмоциональные проблемы осужденных были изучены, и были предприняты усилия для таких правонарушителей. Однако многое еще предстоит сделать. Условно советов участвуют человек обучены в психологии и социальной работы для осужденных условно или условно приспособиться к обществу. Различные государства имеют учреждений с программами реформирования и реабилитации для взрослых и несовершеннолетних правонарушителей.Многие общины приступили к осуществлению совместных нападений на условиях, способствующих совершению правонарушений. Криминалисты признают, что взрослых и несовершеннолетних преступность стволовых, главным образом за счет развала традиционных социальных норм и контроля, в результате индустриализации, урбанизации, повышения физической и социальной мобильности и последствия экономических кризисов и войн. Большинство криминалисты считают, что эффективное предупреждение преступности требует общинных учреждений и программ для обеспечения руководства и контроля, идеально и традиционно, в семье и силой социальных обычаев. Хотя уровень преступности не имеет резко сократилось в результате этих усилий, остается надеяться, что расширение и совершенствование всех действительных подходов к предупреждению преступности в конечном итоге приведет к сокращению ее масштабов.