C. Applying Gadamer's Philosophical

C. Applying Gadamer's Philosophical Hermeneutics to the Twelve World Problems

First, it would be arrogant to see Gadamer’s philosophy as holding the solution to all the world’s problems. But his critique of modernity points to some of the underlying assumptions that have led to these problems, and his emphasis on dialogue and human solidarity points to a way beyond the destructive attitudes of modernity. We will address some specific remarks to each of the twelve problems.

1. Pollution - of the air, the water, the soil. For Gadamer all of these problems are the consequence of the compartmentalized thinking of the modern era, along with the assumption that the earth is ours to exploit as we please without regard to for the future, for our children, for the earth itself. We must reassume our historical responsibility for our children’s future by protecting their heritage. The reckless anarchy of the exploitation of the earth must be replaced by responsible dialogue among the exploiters, and among the governments of the earth. At present, we have a gathering of the Big 7 or 8 on how to manage the world to their own advantage. Such a dialogue, however, brings up questions of justice and fairness in the allocation of the resources of the earth. A new protocol must be worked out whereby the universal declaration of human rights is more than a pious wish-list that is lost in the scramble of big corporations to exploit the resources of the earth. Here, Gadamer’s insight into the structure of dialogue can help address these problems.

2. Natural resources running out, or being degraded. The oil, the water, the old growth forests, are all limited resources. They must be conserved for the most important future uses. Oil is necessary for the operation of all sorts of machinery, yet it is not being conserved but recklessly pumped out of the earth and sold to the highest bidder. Drinkable water, too, is increasing rare; indeed, it is sold in stores for the same price of colas. But underground water is needed for crops, and the underwater reserves are running out. Here, national and international management are required. The ozone layer becoming depleted, whole species dying, while we argue over whether this is really a problem. The key word in later Gadamer is solidarity, the solidarities that hold humankind together in many nations. Again, all peoples have an interest in the wise management of the earth’s resources and again we must make international laws that restrain the anarchy of 400 sovereign nations each subject to the unbridled abuse by large corporations. They must unite to say NO to reckless, anarchic exploitation of resources about to run out.

3. Population growth outstripping resources worldwide. Here, two different problems come together: population growth and the finitude of resources. Gadamer’s philosophical reflections cannot slow the growth of population or increase our resources. What they do, however, is issue a plea for rationality and lay down the conditions for meaningful dialogue. The present situation is irrational, anarchic, and in the grip of powerful corporate and military structures. More importantly, it is in the grip of modes of thinking that see their solutions only by means of them. It is the mindset of modernity that needs to be addressed, criticized, and revised.

4. Unequal distribution of financial resources. Global poverty and hunger are increasing each year instead of decreasing. The agricultural land of the earth is owned by fewer and fewer people. Much of what is left in the hands of small farmers is being bought up by international agribusinesses—by multinational corporations distant from land but close to big money. In part, admittedly, the problems of the world are a function to increasing population and decreasing resources, but we must see that the global expansion of large aggregations of capital is also a factor. This is allowed by a modern thinking that gives permission to international anarchy, that does not demand justice and human rights in the allocation of land, does not demand ecological practices in the use of agricultural resources. Again, the nations of the world (and not just corrupt governments controlled by the military industrial complex) must grasp their solidarities, their common interest in controlling the consolidation of capital into larger and larger politically powerful units.

5. The overwhelming power of multinational corporations over governments. Here, we go beyond agribusiness to other giant corporations—the big oil, the pharmaceutical companies, the media conglomerates, the insurance companies, including medical insurance—that have more influence on government policies than the poor or even the general population. Government policies seem more oriented to maintaining the economy than in the economic and physical well-being of their populations. Again, Gadamer does not have a method for bringing down the power of Grosskapital. What he does offer is a critique of the modern assumptions that make them possible. We don’t just need power; we need reflection, critique, coming together as we share a common fate on this earth. For the “fate of the earth” is not just a matter of nuclear weapons, but of the management of the earth as our home in such a way as to promote the maximum well being of all its inhabitants now and in the future.

6. Nuclear weapons; the imminent danger of worldwide catastrophe. It seems that the danger posed by an arsenal of 50,000 missiles in Russian and America is less today than 15 or 20 years ago when Jonathan Schell’s The Fate of the Earth saw catastrophe on the horizon and a real possibility of giving the earth back to the insects and grasses. The cold war between Russia and the U.S. has thawed, but the proliferation of weapons goes on, and the growing masses of nuclear waste. Why? Because the military ways of thinking go on, the national security imperative still drives small countries to spend most of their small budget on weapons instead of social programs. We need to outgrow the dangerous and costly structures of thinking that are our legacy from modernity. Instead of endless debates, we need dialogue and negotiations—not just in Ireland, Russia, East Timor, Pakistan, the Balkans, the Middle East—but in the United Nations about the natural resources, power concentrations, poverty, human rights of the populations of the world. The right of sovereign states must be further limited when it comes to human rights and the management of its resources. The rest of the world must have a say in such matters. Nuclear weapons do not risk just the populations of the nations that build them but everybody else. They must be internationally controlled for the good of humanity.

7. Military means and thinking as a way of resolving political problems. War is a means of accomplishing political objectives when negotiations break down. Within a country military repression is a mark of a country not solving its problems by other means, of fear of rebellion. The situation in Colombia is an example: The farmers grow marihuana because it is a more profitable crop, as is tobacco in the U.S. Earlier, it was even government subsidized. Instead of dealing with the problems that lead to the large-scale consumption of drugs that raises the price, the U.S. government tries to stem the flow of drugs into the U.S. And it is filling its prisons with drug offenders who are no particular danger to society except perhaps when driving a car or carrying a gun. Gadamer’s modest contribution to this gigantic problem is to ask us to interrogate the modern thinking that resorts to force and incarceration instead of confronting the social inequities that encourage the resort to drugs.

8. Genocides in Africa, Indo-China, Tibet, Europe, North America. Again, the modern structures of domination and force lead inevitably to genocide.

9. Racism, sexism, hatred of homosexuals, anti-Semitism. Hatred is generally a product of fear. Communication, negotiation, closer acquaintance, clearer thinking, break down fear. Again, the structure of dialogue so emphasized by Gadamer can help to break down the climate of fear.

10. Rising expectations in third world countries and in the U.S. as television brings the American/European standards of living into the dwellings of peoples living on the very margins of existence. This raises questions of justice and unmet social needs in many parts of the world. Liberation theology, in particular, concerns itself with these problems. Enrique Düssel uses Gadamer’s hermeneutics in combination with conceptions of the Other from Levinas to show that the view of the Other in modernity lead to the unjust situations in the Americas. His book, Ethical Hermeneutics. dedicates itself to seeking a way out of these problems. Philosophical hermeneutics, with its analysis of how meaningful dialogue comes about, helps to deal with the situation. With insight and common desire for justice, means could be sought to remedying the inequities involved in this situation. Again, dialogue and solidarity are the keys to the resolution of problems of injustice.

11. Fundamentalism and narrowness, exclusivism, particularism, terrorism. These are major problems today, but how are we dealing with them? Fear, avoidance, military repression. Admittedly, it is hard to deal with religious fundamentalism with Gadamerian hermeneutics, but Gadamer is able to enter into dialogue with anyone who is willing to speak! He looks for common ground and sees whether a basis for working together instead of against would be possible, say, on the world problems we face. Secondly, he looks at the presuppositions of fundamentalism and asks where they come from. In some cases, fundamentalism is a rebellion against modernity; in this case they might even f

Результаты (узбекский) 1:

O'n ikki jahon muammolari bilan Gadamer ning falsafiy yorumbilgisi qo'llash C. Birinchi, u dunyodagi muammolarni hamma hal o'tkazish kabi Gadamer ning falsafasi ko'rish uchun mutakabbirlik bo'lardi. Lekin bu muammolar sabab bo'lgan asosiy taxminlarga ba'zi modern ball uning Qarashlari va zamonaviylik halokat munosabat orqasida bir tarzda muloqot va inson yakdillik ball uning e'tibor. Biz o'n ikki muammolar har bir muayyan mulohazalarini murojaat qiladi. 1. Yuvadi - havo, suv, tuproq. Gadamer uchun barcha muammolarni yer Biz er o'zi uchun, biz bolalar uchun, kelajak uchun nisbatan holda, iltimos, deb bizning foydalanishdan iborat taxmin bilan birga zamonaviy davrning bölümlendirilen fikrlash imkoniyat bor. Biz ularning merosini himoya bizning bolalar kelajagi uchun tarixiy mas'uliyatni reassume kerak. erning ekspluatatsiya telba anarxiya mustamlakachilarning orasida mas'ul muloqot bilan almashtirildi, erning hukumatlari o'rtasida bo'lishi kerak. Hozirgi kunda, biz o'z afzalligi dunyoni boshqarish uchun qanday katta 7 yoki 8 a yig'ish kerak. Bunday muloqot, ammo, er resurslarini ajratish adolat va adolatlilik savollarga olib keladi. A yangi protokol inson huquqlari umumjahon deklaratsiyasi erning resurslaridan foydalanishga katta korporatsiyalar eshigi yo'qolib bir solih istagi-ro'yxatida ortiq orqali ishlab chiqilgan bo'lishi kerak. Bu yerda, muloqot tarkibiga Gadamer ning anglamoq, bu muammolarni hal qilishga yordam beradi. 2. Tabiiy resurslar tugab, yoki buzilgan. neft, suv, eski o'sish o'rmonlar, barcha cheklangan resurslar bor. Ular eng muhim kelajak foydalanish uchun saqlanib bo'lishi kerak. Neft mashina har turli ishlashi uchun zarur bo'lgan, hali u saqlanib lekin eítiyotsizlik orêasida erdan pompalanır va eng yuqori taklif qilish sotilmoqda emas. Ichishga yaroqli suv, ham, kamdan-kam ortib bormoqda; Albatta, u COLAS bir xil bahoga uchun do'konlarda sotiladi. Lekin er osti suv ekinlari uchun zarur bo'lgan, va suv osti zahiralari tugab bormoqda. Bu yerda, milliy va xalqaro boshqaruv talab qilinadi. Ozon qatlami biz bu, albatta, bir muammo bor yoki yo'qligini ustidan da'vo esa butun turlari, o'lim, yaroqsiz holga. keyinchalik Gadamer asosiy so'z hamjihatlik, ko'p mamlakatlarda birga insoniyatni ushlab turing dayanışmaların hisoblanadi. Shunga qaramay, barcha xalqlar Yer resurslaridan oqilona boshqarish qiziqish bor va yana biz 400 suveren davlatlarning katta korporatsiyalar tomonidan shiddatli suiiste'mol qilish har bir mavzu bo'yicha anarxiyaga daf xalqaro qonunlarni qilish kerak. Ular tashqariga ishlatish haqida resurslaridan telba, beqarorlikni ekspluatatsiya qilish NO aytish birlashtirish kerak. 3. Butun dunyo bo'ylab resurslarini jadal aholi o'sish. Bu yerda, ikki xil muammolar birga keladi: aholi o'sishi va resurslarni finitude. Gadamer ning falsafiy Ko'zgularni aholining o'sishini pasaytirishi yoki resurslarini oshirish mumkin emas. Ular, albatta, nima, shu bilan birga, O'zini aqlli bir so'z berish va mazmunli dialog uchun shart-sharoitlar yotdi hisoblanadi. hozirgi vaziyat, irratsional beqarorlikni va kuchli korporativ va harbiy tuzilmalar changalida. Eng muhimi, u faqat ular orqali ularning yechimlari qarang fikrlash usullari changalida bo'lgan. Bu murojaat tanqid, va qayta ko'rib chiqish kerak zamonaviylik uslub hisoblanadi. 4. Moliyaviy resurslarni teng taqsimlash. Global qashshoqlik va ochlik kamaytirish o'rniga har yili ortib bormoqda. erning qishloq xo'jaligi er kam va kam odamlar bilan tegishli. Kichik fermerlar qo'lida qolgan nima ko'p xalqaro agrofirma-tomonidan erdan uzoq lekin katta pul yaqin ko'p millatli korporatsiyalar tomonidan sotib qilinmoqda. Qismida, Tan olish kerakki, dunyoning muammolari aholisi oshirish va resurslarni kamaytirish uchun bir vazifani, lekin biz sarmoya katta to'planish global kengaytirish, shuningdek, bir omil ekanligini ko'rish kerak. Bu er ajratish adolat va inson huquqlarini talab qilmaydi, qishloq xo'jaligi resurslaridan foydalanishda ekologik amaliyotini talab qilmaydi xalqaro anarxiya uchun ruxsat beradi, bir zamonaviy fikrlash, tomonidan ruxsat etiladi. Shunga qaramay, dunyo mamlakatlari (va harbiy sanoat kompleksi bilan nazorat faqat buzuq emas hukumatlar) ularning dayanışmaların, katta va katta siyosiy kuchli bo'limlarini kapitali mustahkamlashga nazorat o'z umumiy qiziqish tushunish kerak. 5. hukumatlari ustidan ko'p millatli korporatsiyalar behisob kuch. Bu yerda, biz tibbiy jumladan boshqa yirik korporatsiyalar-katta neft, farmatsevtika kompaniyalari, media konglomeraları, sug'urta kompaniyalari, sug'urta-kambag'al yoki hatto umumiy aholi nisbatan davlat siyosati haqida qo'shimcha ta'sir qilish agrobiznes orqasida. Hukumat siyosati ko'proq aholisi iqtisodiy va jismoniy farovonligi nisbatan iqtisodiyotni saqlashga yo'naltirilgan ko'rinadi. Shunga qaramay, Gadamer Grosskapital kuchini pastga olib kelish uchun bir usuli yo'q. Nima u taklif qiladi, ularni imkon zamonaviy tushunchalarga bir tanqid emas. Biz faqat kuch kerak emas; Biz bu er yuzida keng tarqalgan qismatiga sherik sifatida biz birga kelayotgan, aks, tanqid kerak. «Er taqdiri" uchun yadroviy qurol faqat bir emas, lekin bunday tarzda bizning uyda sifatida erning boshqarish maksimal yaxshi, hozir va kelajakda uning barcha aholisi bo'lish targ'ib qilish kabi. 6. Yadro qurollari; butun dunyo bo'ylab ofat yaqin xavf. Bu Yerning Jonathan Schell taqdiri ufqqa va hasharotlar qaytarib erni berib haqiqiy mumkinligi falokat ko'rib, Rossiya va Amerikada 50000 raketa bir Arsenal yaratgan xavf kamroq bugun 15 yoki 20 yil oldin, deb ko'rinadi va o'simliklar. Rossiya va AQSh o'rtasidagi sovuq urush eritish, lekin qurollari tarqalishi bilan bog'liq ketadi, va yadroviy chiqindilar o'sayotgan ommasi. Nima uchun? Fikrlash harbiy yo'llari borish uchun, milliy xavfsizlik qat'iy hali o'rniga ijtimoiy dasturlarni qurollari, ularning kichik byudjeti eng sarflash kichik mamlakatlarni haydaydi. Biz zamonaviylik bizning meros bo'lgan fikrlash xavfli va qimmat tuzilmalarni o'sishni kerak. Buning o'rniga cheksiz bahslar, biz muloqot va kerak muzokaralar emas, balki faqat tabiiy resurslar, elektr konsentrasiyalarda, qashshoqlik, aholining inson huquqlari haqida Irlandiya, Rossiya, Sharqiy Timor, Pokiston, Bolqon, Yaqin Sharq-lekin Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti dunyo. u inson huquqlari va uning mablag'larini boshqarish kelganda suveren davlatlar o'ng yanada cheklangan bo'lishi kerak. dunyoning qolgan bunday masalalarda bir so'z bo'lishi kerak. Yadro qurollari, ularni qurish lekin har bir kishi boshqa xalqlar faqat aholi xavf yo'q. Ular xalqaro insoniyatning farovonligi uchun nazorat qilinishi kerak. 7. Harbiy vositalar va siyosiy muammolarini hal yo'li sifatida fikrlash. War muzokaralar yiqitish siyosiy maqsadlarga erishish vositasi hisoblanadi. Bir mamlakat doirasida harbiy jazo bir mamlakat isyon qo'rqib, boshqa yo'llar bilan uning muammolarini hal bo'lmagan bir belgisi hisoblanadi. Kolumbiyada vaziyat bir misol: u yana qor hosil bo'ladi, chunki Avvalroq, u hatto hukumat subsidiya qilindi AQShda tamaki kabi fermerlar, nasha o'sadi. Buning o'rniga narx ko'taradi dori keng ko'lamli iste'mol qilish sabab muammolarni hal etish, AQSh hukumati AQSh ichiga dori oqimini to'xtatish uchun harakat qiladi va u jamiyat uchun hech qanday alohida xavf bor dori huquqbuzar bilan qamoqxonalarni to'ldirish etiladi bir mashina haydash yoki qurol ko'tarib ehtimol qachon bundan mustasno. Bu ulkan muammoga Gadamer kamtarona hissa majbur va ushlab turishdan o'rniga dori muhitini rag'batlantirish ijtimoiy tengsizlikka qarshi kurashishning uchun dam olish, zamonaviy fikrlash so'roq bizni so'rang. 8. Afrika, hind-Xitoy, Tibet, Evropa, Shimoliy Amerikada genotsidini. Shunga qaramay, hukmronlik va kuch qo'rg'oshin zamonaviy inshootlar muqarrar genotsid. Uchun 9. Irqchilik, jinsi ajratilmagan, xunasalar nafrat, antisemitizm. Nafrat odatda qo'rquv mahsulotidir. Aloqa, muzokara, yaqin tanishi, aniq fikrlash, yiqitish qo'rquv. Shunga qaramay, shunday Gadamer tomonidan urg'u muloqot tuzilishi qo'rquv. Iqlimini yiqitish uchun yordam berishi mumkin 10. Uchinchi dunyo mamlakatlarida va televideniye kabi AQShda Rising taxminlar mavjudligi juda chekka ustida yashayotgan xalqlar makonlarga yashayotgan Yevropa / American standartlari keladi. Bu dunyoning juda ko'p joylarida adolat savol va naqadar ijtimoiy ehtiyojlarini ko'taradi. Ushbu muammolar bilan alohida, tashvishlari o'zini ham ozodlik ilohiyot. Enrique Düssel zamonaviylik boshqa ko'rinishi Amerika zolim vaziyatlarga olib ko'rsatish uchun Levinas dan Boshqa tushunchalari bilan birga Gadamer ning og'zaki foydalanadi. Uning kitobi, axloqiy og'zaki. Bu muammolarning bir yo'lini izlab o'zini o'tkazadi. Falsafiy og'zaki, mazmunli suhbat haqida keladi qanday uning tahlili bilan, vaziyat bilan shug'ullanish uchun yordam beradi. Adolat uchun aql va umumiy istagi bilan, vosita bu vaziyatda ishtirok tengsizlikka bartaraf qilish uchun harakat bo'lishi mumkin. Shunga qaramay, muloqot va hamjihatlik adolatsizlik. Muammolarini hal qilish uchun kalitlari 11. Fundamentalizm va cheklanganlik, exclusivism, partikülarizmiydi, terrorizm. Bu muhim muammolarni bugun bor, lekin qanday qilib biz ular bilan muomala qilinadi? Qo'rquv, qochishga, harbiy qatag'on. Albatta, u Gadamerian yorumbilgisi bilan diniy fundamentalizm bilan shug'ullanish qiyin, lekin Gadamer gapirish tayyor hech kim bilan muloqot kirishga qodir! U umumiy erga qidiradi va o'rniga Jang birga ishlash uchun bir asos, biz duch dunyo muammolar bilan bog'liq, aytaylik, mumkin yoki yo'qligini biladi. Ikkinchidan, u aqidaparastlik bashorat qaraydi va ular kelib qaerda, deb so'raydi. Ba'zi hollarda, fundamentalizm zamonaviylik qarshi isyon hisoblanadi; Bu holatda ular ham f kuch