The Midwest is known as the nation'

The Midwest is known as the nation's "breadbasket." The fertile soil of the region makes it possible for farmers to produce abundant harvests of cereal crops such as wheat, oats, and corn. Corn is the most important of all American crops, as basic to American agriculture as iron is to American industry. The annual crop is greater than the nation's yield of wheat, rice and other grains combined. On hot, still midsummer nights in the Corn Belt, farmers insist they can hear the corn growing.
Farms are normally located separate from each other, close to the fields, and often beyond the sight of its neighbors. The village or town is principally a place where the farm family travels to buy supplies, to attend church and to go for entertainment or political, social or business meetings. Midwesterners are praised as being open, friendly, and straightforward. Their politics tend to be cautious, but the caution is sometimes peppered with protest.
T he United States is in many ways a creation of a frontier experience. The push westward remains part of recent American history, and many still live who remember the days of early settlement, of the often heroic struggle with the land.
The American frontier is largely gone today. Although humans presumably have the technology to live anywhere on the earth's surface, those areas of the United States that can be occupied with moderate physical and economic effort are already staked out.
Extending as far south as the northern Great Lakes states and including the interior to the Canadian border, as well as parts of Alaska, the Northlands (Map 15: 19K) remains sparsely settled. The inhospitable nature of the physical environment plus the consequent thinness of settlement give the Northlands its special character.
A HARSH ENVIRONMENT
If Americans were asked to describe the Northlands, "cold" would probably be the most commonly used adjective. Average January temperatures range from a high of about -7°C along its southern Great Lakes margin to a full -40°C in parts of Alaska. Temperatures can reach -60°C.
Not only are winter temperatures low across most of the region, but winters are long. The average time between the last frost in the spring and the first in the fall is roughly 135 days at the southern margins of the area but little more than 14 days along parts of the Arctic Ocean. Because virtually all major food crops need a growing season of longer than 90 days, they can be grown in only a few small areas along the southern margins.
Summers, generally short and cool, can have surprisingly warm days. Maritime moderation is significant only along the peripheries, mainly in the east and west.
Precipitation amounts vary widely across the Northlands. Highest levels are found in the far southeast, where both winter and summer storm systems dump more than 100 centimeters of annual precipitation along the southern shore of Labrador. Precipitation levels drop markedly toward the interior and north.
Despite the paucity of precipitation, little of the Northlands provides the appearance of a dry environment. In the summer, in fact, much of the region is covered with standing water. This is due, in part, to the low levels of evaporation and evapotranspiration found in this cold climate. In the northern portions of the region, standing water is also supported by the widespread existence of permafrost--a subsurface layer of permanently frozen ground that is commonly about 100 meters thick and sometimes extends downward for more than 300 meters. In warmer areas, the permafrost is discontinuous, with areas of frozen ground interspersed with unfrozen soil. As the surface layer thaws during the short summer to a depth of perhaps 1 meter, water is held on the surface by the frozen layer underneath, creating a boggy, shifting surface.
Most of the Northlands can be placed in two distinct vegetation areas. Stretching across the southern arc of the region is a coniferous forest called the boreal forest, or taiga. Covering hundreds of thousands of square kilometers, these closely ranked spruces, firs, pines, and tamaracks appear to blanket the landscape in a dark, almost black mass when seen from the air. Slow growing and never really tall, these trees decrease in number and height from south to north across the taiga. Around the Great Lakes, a mixture of pines and hardwoods predominate.
Passing just south of Hudson Bay, then angling northwest to the mouth of the Mackenzie River and across the northern edge of Alaska, is the tree line, which identifies the transitional zone between the taiga and tundra in the Northlands. North of it, climatic conditions are too harsh for tree-like vegetation. Beyond lies the tundra, a region of lichens, grasses, mosses, and shrubs.
The great Arctic ice pack, covering some 4.8 million square kilometers, is a thin (usually 3 to 6 meters thick), rugged sheet of nearly salt-free ice floating on the Arctic Ocean. It holds as much water as all the freshwater lakes in the world. In winter it extends southward to enshroud northern Alaska. Summer melt briefly frees the area.
The ice limits ocean transport in the Arctic to a brief, often hectic period each summer. An early return of the ice can sometimes block ships (and whales that migrate into the Arctic Ocean during the summer) from escaping to open water to the south. The ice also minimizes any moderating impact by the Arctic Ocean on the Northlands' climate.
HUMAN OCCUPATION
Nearly all parts of the Northlands are sparsely populated, with highest densities found along the southern margins. American Indians, Metis, and Inuit (Eskimos) are numerically dominant over much of the region north of the United States. Inuit are the predominant population in most of the Arctic. American Indians are found mainly in the boreal forest area. The Metis are the result of intermarriage between American Indian women and whites during the early fur trading period of European settlement in the taiga.
The arrival of Europeans in the Northlands brought an end to much of the American Indian and Inuit traditional culture. Fur traders early acquired many of their pelts from the Indians of the taiga, and European goods entered the Indian economy as a result. Where hunting and fishing continue, the motorboat, rifle, and snowmobile have usually replaced the kayak, bow, and dogsled. But most Northlands Indians and Inuit no longer exist by hunting and fishing. They have moved in substantial numbers into towns, and many urban places of the Northlands today have large native populations.
The Northlands offered little of interest to most Europeans who came to America. Where Northlands settlement did occur, its focus was usually either extractive or military. French voyageurs, fur trappers, and traders pushed their canoes far beyond the agricultural settlements along the lower St. Lawrence River as early as the middle of the 17th century, extending French political control across the Great Lakes. The Hudson's Bay Company, an early British fur trading company, established itself on the margins of Hudson Bay in Canada and then pushed south and west, thus blocking further French expansion westward. By the mid-18th century, the Hudson's Bay Company, which had been granted a trade monopoly to the area by the British government, was in control of the entire boreal forest reaching from Hudson Bay westward to the Rocky Mountains, with further extension of influence into the Arctic. This vast extractive empire brought with it only a minimal number of small and widely scattered settlements.
The voyageurs and Hudson's Bay Company relied on the numerous lakes and streams of their area for transportation, and they located small forts at control points along the water routeways. At places where important streams met lakes, where streams ended and an overland portage began, or where rapids or falls were encountered, vessels had to be unloaded and their goods moved and reloaded onto other boats; these points provided effective control of the entire water system. The sites of many early French forts are occupied today by important urban centers, including Chicago, Detroit, and Pittsburgh.
The boreal forest of the southern half of the Northlands contains the largest area of uncut forest remaining in North America. Until recently, the lumbering and the pulp and paper industries only nibbled at the edges of this vast forest. The area of the upper Great Lakes was logged on a massive scale during the late 1800s and the early 20th century. Because little reforestation was practiced at that time and because the cold climate of the boreal forest slows regrowth, much of this area is only now recovering its previous appearance.
The portion of the Northlands in the upper Great Lakes area is America's leading source of iron ore plus a substantial contributor of copper. Alaskan North Slope petroleum has recently provided a large addition to the American energy supply, presently pumping about 25 percent of the country's total production.
As with logging, the accessible peripheries of the Northlands became the region's first important mining districts. The Mesabi Range in northern Minnesota, an area of gently rolling elongated hills, along with neighboring areas in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan, developed into America's chief source of iron ore late in the 19th century. Billions of tons of high-grade ore were moved by rail to Lake Superior ports and loaded there onto large specialized lake ships that carried the ore to ports in northeastern Ohio, where it was transferred to railroads for the trip to iron- and steel-processing plants in the Pittsburgh-Youngstown area. Today, most ore goes to the newer, integrated iron and steel facilities at the southern end of Lake Michigan. Locks at Sault Sainte Marie that connect Lake Superior with the rest of the Great Lakes are the busiest in the world, largely as a result of this ore traffic.

Результаты (русский) 1:

Midwest известен как нации «житница». Плодородные почвы региона делает возможным для фермеров производить обильные урожаи зерновых культур, пшеницы, овса и кукурузы. Кукуруза является наиболее важным из всех американских культур, как основные американские сельского хозяйства как железо для американской промышленности. Ежегодный урожай больше, чем страны урожайность пшеницы, риса и других зерновых культур, в сочетании. На горячий, по-прежнему летнюю ночь в кукурузном поясе, фермеры настаивают, что они могут услышать выращивания кукурузы. Фермы обычно расположены отдельно друг от друга, недалеко от поля и часто за пределами взгляд своих соседей. Деревня или город является главным местом, где фермы семья переезжает купить поставок, посещать церковь и идти для развлечения или политической, социальной или деловых встреч. Midwesterners оценил как открытый, дружелюбный и простой. Их политика, как правило, быть осторожным, но осторожность иногда засыпали с протеста. T он Соединенных Штатов является во многих отношениях создание пограничных опыта. Нажим на Запад остается частью недавней американской истории, и многие по-прежнему живут, кто помнит времена раннего урегулирования, часто героической борьбы с землей. Значительной степени нет сегодня американской границы. Хотя люди предположительно имеют технологии жить в любом месте на поверхности земли, эти районы Соединенных Штатов, которые могут быть заняты с умеренных физических и экономических усилий уже поставил. Расширение как далеко на Юг как в северном районе Великих озер и включая интерьер для канадской границы, а также части Аляски, Northlands (карта 15:19 K) остается малонаселенных. Суровый характер физической окружающей среды плюс следствие тонкость урегулирования дают Northlands его особый характер. СУРОВОЙ ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ СРЕДЕ Если американцы просили описать Northlands, «холодная», вероятно, будет наиболее часто используется прилагательное. Средняя температура января колеблется от высокого уровня о-7 ° C вдоль его южной окраины Великих озер до полной-40 ° C в районах Аляски. Температура может достигать-60 ° C. Не только являются низкими зимними температурами во многих странах региона, но зима долгого. Среднее время между последней Мороз весной и первым осенью составляет примерно 135 дней на южном флангах районе, но немного больше, чем 14 дней вдоль части Северного Ледовитого океана. Потому что практически всех основных продовольственных культур вегетационный период более чем 90 дней, они могут быть выращены в только несколько небольших районах вдоль южных окраин. Лето, как правило короткие и прохладный, может иметь удивительно теплые дни. Морских умеренность является значительным только вдоль периферии, главным образом на Востоке и западе. Количество осадков в значительной степени варьируются от Northlands. Самые высокие уровни обнаружены в крайнем юго-востоке, где оба зимняя и летняя буря систем дампа более чем 100 сантиметров ежегодных осадков вдоль южного побережья Лабрадора. Интерьер и Северной заметно падение уровня осадков. Despite the paucity of precipitation, little of the Northlands provides the appearance of a dry environment. In the summer, in fact, much of the region is covered with standing water. This is due, in part, to the low levels of evaporation and evapotranspiration found in this cold climate. In the northern portions of the region, standing water is also supported by the widespread existence of permafrost--a subsurface layer of permanently frozen ground that is commonly about 100 meters thick and sometimes extends downward for more than 300 meters. In warmer areas, the permafrost is discontinuous, with areas of frozen ground interspersed with unfrozen soil. As the surface layer thaws during the short summer to a depth of perhaps 1 meter, water is held on the surface by the frozen layer underneath, creating a boggy, shifting surface. Most of the Northlands can be placed in two distinct vegetation areas. Stretching across the southern arc of the region is a coniferous forest called the boreal forest, or taiga. Covering hundreds of thousands of square kilometers, these closely ranked spruces, firs, pines, and tamaracks appear to blanket the landscape in a dark, almost black mass when seen from the air. Slow growing and never really tall, these trees decrease in number and height from south to north across the taiga. Around the Great Lakes, a mixture of pines and hardwoods predominate. Passing just south of Hudson Bay, then angling northwest to the mouth of the Mackenzie River and across the northern edge of Alaska, is the tree line, which identifies the transitional zone between the taiga and tundra in the Northlands. North of it, climatic conditions are too harsh for tree-like vegetation. Beyond lies the tundra, a region of lichens, grasses, mosses, and shrubs. The great Arctic ice pack, covering some 4.8 million square kilometers, is a thin (usually 3 to 6 meters thick), rugged sheet of nearly salt-free ice floating on the Arctic Ocean. It holds as much water as all the freshwater lakes in the world. In winter it extends southward to enshroud northern Alaska. Summer melt briefly frees the area. The ice limits ocean transport in the Arctic to a brief, often hectic period each summer. An early return of the ice can sometimes block ships (and whales that migrate into the Arctic Ocean during the summer) from escaping to open water to the south. The ice also minimizes any moderating impact by the Arctic Ocean on the Northlands' climate. HUMAN OCCUPATION Почти все части Northlands являются малонаселенной, с высокой плотностью, найдены вдоль южных окраин. Американских индейцев, метисов и инуитов (эскимосы) численно преобладают на большей части региона к северу от Соединенных Штатов Америки. Инуитов являются большей частью населения в большинстве стран Арктики. Американские индейцы находятся главным образом в районе бореальных лесов. Метис являются результатом браки между женщинами американских индейцев и белых во время ранних меха, торговый период европейского поселения в тайге. Прибытия европейцев в Northlands положило конец часть традиционной культуры американских индейцев и инуитов. Торговцы мехом рано приобрел многие из их шкурки от индейцев тайги, и европейские товары вступил индийской экономики в результате. Там, где продолжается охота и рыбалка, моторная лодка, винтовка и снегоход обычно заменили каяк, лук и собачьих. Но большинство Northlands индейцы и инуиты больше не существует, охоты и рыбалки. Они переехали в значительном количестве в городах и городских достопримечательностей Northlands сегодня имеют большой коренного населения. The Northlands offered little of interest to most Europeans who came to America. Where Northlands settlement did occur, its focus was usually either extractive or military. French voyageurs, fur trappers, and traders pushed their canoes far beyond the agricultural settlements along the lower St. Lawrence River as early as the middle of the 17th century, extending French political control across the Great Lakes. The Hudson's Bay Company, an early British fur trading company, established itself on the margins of Hudson Bay in Canada and then pushed south and west, thus blocking further French expansion westward. By the mid-18th century, the Hudson's Bay Company, which had been granted a trade monopoly to the area by the British government, was in control of the entire boreal forest reaching from Hudson Bay westward to the Rocky Mountains, with further extension of influence into the Arctic. This vast extractive empire brought with it only a minimal number of small and widely scattered settlements. The voyageurs and Hudson's Bay Company relied on the numerous lakes and streams of their area for transportation, and they located small forts at control points along the water routeways. At places where important streams met lakes, where streams ended and an overland portage began, or where rapids or falls were encountered, vessels had to be unloaded and their goods moved and reloaded onto other boats; these points provided effective control of the entire water system. The sites of many early French forts are occupied today by important urban centers, including Chicago, Detroit, and Pittsburgh.
The boreal forest of the southern half of the Northlands contains the largest area of uncut forest remaining in North America. Until recently, the lumbering and the pulp and paper industries only nibbled at the edges of this vast forest. The area of the upper Great Lakes was logged on a massive scale during the late 1800s and the early 20th century. Because little reforestation was practiced at that time and because the cold climate of the boreal forest slows regrowth, much of this area is only now recovering its previous appearance.
The portion of the Northlands in the upper Great Lakes area is America's leading source of iron ore plus a substantial contributor of copper. Alaskan North Slope petroleum has recently provided a large addition to the American energy supply, presently pumping about 25 percent of the country's total production.
As with logging, the accessible peripheries of the Northlands became the region's first important mining districts. The Mesabi Range in northern Minnesota, an area of gently rolling elongated hills, along with neighboring areas in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan, developed into America's chief source of iron ore late in the 19th century. Billions of tons of high-grade ore were moved by rail to Lake Superior ports and loaded there onto large specialized lake ships that carried the ore to ports in northeastern Ohio, where it was transferred to railroads for the trip to iron- and steel-processing plants in the Pittsburgh-Youngstown area. Today, most ore goes to the newer, integrated iron and steel facilities at the southern end of Lake Michigan. Locks at Sault Sainte Marie that connect Lake Superior with the rest of the Great Lakes are the busiest in the world, largely as a result of this ore traffic.

Результаты (русский) 3:

на среднем западе, известен как "житницей страны." плодородная почва в регионе позволяет фермерам производить богатые урожаи зерновых культур, таких, как пшеница, овес, и кукуруза.кукуруза является самым важным из всех американских культур, в качестве основного американского хозяйства как железо - американской промышленности.годовой урожай больше, чем страна урожай пшеницы, риса и других зерновых культур, вместе взятые.в жару, по - прежнему в летнюю ночь в кукурузный пояс, фермеры настаивают они могут услышать растет кукуруза.
фермы обычно расположены отдельно друг от друга, рядом с полями, и часто вне поля зрения своих соседей.села или города в основном находится место, где семейных ферм поездок для закупки товаров, ходить в церковь и пойти для развлечения или политических, социальных и деловых встреч.midwesterners не оценили, как открытость, friendly, и простой.их политика, как правило, будьте осторожны, но осторожность, иногда усеяны протест.
"он соединенных штатов во многих отношениях является создание пограничных опыт.курс на запад, остается одним из последних американской истории, и многие живут, которые помнят времена раннего урегулирования, зачастую героическую борьбу с землей.
американской границы практически не сегодня.хотя люди, наверное, технологии, жить где - то на поверхности земли, в этих районах соединенных штатов, которые могут быть заняты умеренные физические и экономические усилия уже следил за домом.
продления на юге - в северных стран великих озер, и в том числе внутренних дел до канадской границы, а также в некоторых районах аляскив northlands (карта 15: 19k) по - прежнему редконаселенных.суровый характер физической среды и, соответственно, тонкость урегулирования дать northlands его особый характер.
суровых условиях: если американцы попросили описать northlands "холодной", возможно, наиболее широко используемых прилагательное.средняя температура января в диапазоне от высокого уровня о - 7 °с, на южном великих озер разницы на полную - 40 градусов в районах аляски.температура может достигать - 60°C.
не только зимние температуры низкой по большей части региона, но очень давно.