Iron and Steel Manufacture The diff

Iron and Steel Manufacture
The differences between the various types of iron and steel are sometimes confusing because of the nomenclature used. Steel in general is an alloy of iron and carbon, often with an admixture of other elements. Some alloys that are commercially called irons contain more carbon than commercial steels. Open-hearth iron and wrought iron contain only a few hundredths of 1 percent of carbon. Steels of various types contain from 0.04 percent to 2.25 percent of carbon. Cast iron, malleable cast iron, and pig iron contain amounts of carbon varying from 2 to 4 percent. A special form of malleable iron, containing virtually no carbon, is known as white-heart malleable iron. A special group of iron alloys, known as ferroalloys, is used in the manufacture of iron and steel alloys; they contain from 20 to 80 percent of an alloying element, such as manganese, silicon, or chromium. The exact date at which people discovered the technique of smelting iron ore to produce usable metal is not known. The earliest iron implements discovered by archaeologists in Egypt date from about 3000 BC, and iron ornaments were used even earlier; the comparatively advanced technique of hardening iron weapons by heat treatment was known to the Greeks about 1000 BC. The alloys produced by early iron workers, and, indeed, all the iron alloys made until about the 14th century AD, would be classified today as wrought iron. They were made by heating a mass of iron ore and charcoal in a forge or furnace having a forced draft. Under this treatment the ore was reduced to the sponge of metallic iron filled with a slag composed of metallic impurities and charcoal ash. This sponge of iron was removed from the furnace while still incandescent and beaten with heavy sledges to drive out the slag and to weld and consolidate the iron. The iron produced under these conditions usually contained about 3 percent of slag particles and 0.1 percent of other impurities. Occasionally this technique of iron making produced, by accident, a true steel rather than wrought iron. Ironworkers learned to make steel by heating wrought iron and charcoal in clay boxes for a period of several days. By this process the iron absorbed enough carbon to become a true steel.

Результаты (русский) 1:

Железо и сталь производство The differences between the various types of iron and steel are sometimes confusing because of the nomenclature used. Steel in general is an alloy of iron and carbon, often with an admixture of other elements. Some alloys that are commercially called irons contain more carbon than commercial steels. Open-hearth iron and wrought iron contain only a few hundredths of 1 percent of carbon. Steels of various types contain from 0.04 percent to 2.25 percent of carbon. Cast iron, malleable cast iron, and pig iron contain amounts of carbon varying from 2 to 4 percent. A special form of malleable iron, containing virtually no carbon, is known as white-heart malleable iron. A special group of iron alloys, known as ferroalloys, is used in the manufacture of iron and steel alloys; they contain from 20 to 80 percent of an alloying element, such as manganese, silicon, or chromium. The exact date at which people discovered the technique of smelting iron ore to produce usable metal is not known. The earliest iron implements discovered by archaeologists in Egypt date from about 3000 BC, and iron ornaments were used even earlier; the comparatively advanced technique of hardening iron weapons by heat treatment was known to the Greeks about 1000 BC. The alloys produced by early iron workers, and, indeed, all the iron alloys made until about the 14th century AD, would be classified today as wrought iron. They were made by heating a mass of iron ore and charcoal in a forge or furnace having a forced draft. Under this treatment the ore was reduced to the sponge of metallic iron filled with a slag composed of metallic impurities and charcoal ash. This sponge of iron was removed from the furnace while still incandescent and beaten with heavy sledges to drive out the slag and to weld and consolidate the iron. The iron produced under these conditions usually contained about 3 percent of slag particles and 0.1 percent of other impurities. Occasionally this technique of iron making produced, by accident, a true steel rather than wrought iron. Ironworkers learned to make steel by heating wrought iron and charcoal in clay boxes for a period of several days. By this process the iron absorbed enough carbon to become a true steel.

Результаты (русский) 2:

Производство чугуна и стали
различия между различными типами железа и стали иногда запутанным из - за терминологии , используемой. Сталь в целом представляет собой сплав железа и углерода, часто с примесью других элементов. Некоторые сплавы, которые коммерчески называемые утюги содержат больше углерода , чем коммерческих сталей. Мартеновский железа и кованого железа содержат всего несколько сотых долей 1 процента углерода. Стали различных типов содержат от 0,04 процента до 2,25 процента углерода. Чугун, ковкий чугун, чугун и содержат количество углерода , изменяющейся от 2 до 4 процентов. Особая форма ковкого чугуна, не содержащий практически не углерод, известен как белый сердца ковкого чугуна. Особую группу сплавов железа, известный как ферросплавы, используется в производстве чугуна и стали сплавов; они содержат от 20 до 80 процентов легирующей добавки, такие как марганец, кремний, или хром. Точная дата, когда люди обнаружили технику выплавки железной руды для производства полезной металл не известно. Самые ранние железные орудия , обнаруженные археологами в Египте от даты около 3000 г. до н.э., и железные украшения использовались еще раньше; сравнительно продвинутая техника закаливания железное оружие путем термической обработки была известна грекам около 1000 г. до н. Сплавы производства ранних рабочих железа, и, по сути, все сплавы железа не сделаны примерно до н.э. 14, будут классифицироваться сегодня как кованое железо. Они были сделаны путем нагревания массы железной руды и угля в горне или печи , имеющей принудительной тягой. При такой обработке руды была снижена до губке металлического железа , заполненного шлака , состоящего из металлических примесей и древесный уголь золы. Эта губка железа была удалена из печи в то же время лампы накаливания и били тяжелыми санями , чтобы вытеснить шлак и сварить и закрепить железо. Железо , полученное в этих условиях , как правило , содержали около 3 процентов частиц шлака и 0,1 процента от других примесей. Время от времени эта методика производства чугуна, случайно, настоящая сталь , а не из кованого железа. Ironworkers научились делать сталь при нагревании из кованого железа и угля в глиняных ящиках в течение нескольких дней. Благодаря этому процессу железо впитывается достаточное количество углерода , чтобы стать настоящим стали.