THE FIRST CALCULATING DEVICES Let u

THE FIRST CALCULATING DEVICES
Let us take a look at the history of computers that we know today. The very first calculating device used was the ten fingers of a man's hands. This, in fact, is why today; we still count in tens and multiples of tens.
Then the abacus was invented. People went on using some form of abacus well into the 16th century, and it is still being used in some parts of the world because it can be understood without knowing how to read.
During the 17th and 18th centuries many people tried to find easy ways of calculating. J.Napier, a Scotsman, invented a mechanical way of multiplying and dividing, which ,is now the modern slide rule works. Henry Briggs used Napier's ideas to produce logarithm tables which all mathematicians use today.
Calculus, another branch of mathematics, was independently invented by both Sir Isaak Newton, an Englishman, and Leibnitz, a German mathematician. The first real calculating machine appeared in 1820 as the result of several people's experiments.
In 1830 Charles Babbage, a gifted English mathematician, proposed. to build a general-purpose problem-solving machine that he called "the analytical engine". This machine, which Babbage showed at the Paris Exhibition in 1855, was an attempt to cut out the human being altogether, except for providing the machine with the necessary facts about the problem to be solved. He never finished this work, but many of his ideas were the basis for building today's computers.
Bу the early part of the twentieth century electromechanical machines had been developed and were used for business data processing. Dr. Herman Hollerith, a young statistician from the US Census Bureau successfully tabulated the 1890 census. Hollerith invented a means of coding the data by punching holes into cards. Hе built one machine to punch the holes and others to tabulate the collected data. Later Hollerith left the Census Bureau and established his own tabulating machine соmрапу. Through a series of merges the company eventually became the IBM Corporation.
Until the middle of the twentieth century machines designed to manipulate punched card data were widely used for business data processing. These early electromechanical data processors were called unit record machines because each punched card contained a unit of data.
In the mid - 1940s electronic computers were developed to perform calculations for military and scientific purposes. Вy the end of the 1960s commercial models of these computers were widely used for both scientific computation and business data processing. Initially these computers accepted their input data from punched cards. Вy the late 1970s punched cards had been almost universally replaced by keyboard terminals. Since that time advances in science have led to the proliferation of com¬puters throughout our society, and the past is but the prologue that gives us a glimpse of the future.

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Akoko se isiro ẸRỌ
Jẹ ki a ya a wo ni awọn itan ti awọn kọmputa ti a mọ loni. The gan akọkọ isiro ẹrọ lo je awọn mẹwa ika ti a eniyan ọwọ. Eleyi, ni o daju, jẹ idi loni; a si tun ka ni mewa ati iyeida ti mewa.
Nigbana ni awọn abacus a ti a se. Awon eniyan lọ lori lilo diẹ ninu awọn fọọmu ti abacus daradara sinu awọn 16th orundun, ati awọn ti o wa ni ṣi ni lo ni diẹ ninu awọn ẹya ara ti awọn aye nitori ti o le ti wa ni gbọye lai mọ bi lati ka.
Nigba odunrun 17je ati 18th sehin ọpọlọpọ awọn eniyan gbiyanju lati ri ona rorun ti se isiro. J.Napier, a Scotsman, ti a se ona ti a darí se isodipupo nomba ati pin, eyi ti, ni bayi ni igbalode ifaworanhan ofin ise. Henry Briggs lo Napier ká ero lati gbe awọn logarithm tabili eyi ti gbogbo mathematicians lo loni.
kalkulosi, miran ti eka ti mathimatiki, ti a se nipa ominira mejeeji Sir Isaak Newton, ohun Englishman, ati Leibnitz, a German mathimatiki. Ni igba akọkọ ti gidi ṣe ìṣirò ẹrọ han ni 1820 bi awọn esi ti awọn orisirisi awon eniyan adanwo.
Ni 1830 Charles Babbage, a yonu si English mathimatiki, dabaa. lati kọ gbogbo-a idi isoro-OLORO ẹrọ ti o pe ni "awọn analitikali engine". Yi ẹrọ, eyi ti Babbage hàn ni awọn Paris Exhibition ni 1855, je ohun igbiyanju lati ge jade awọn eniyan jije l'apapọ, ayafi fun pese awọn ẹrọ pẹlu awọn pataki mon nipa awọn isoro lati wa ni re. Oun kò pari yi iṣẹ, ṣugbọn ọpọlọpọ awọn ti rẹ ero wà ni igba fun ile oni awọn kọmputa.
Bу awọn tete apa ti awọn ifoya orundun electromechanical ero ti a ti ni idagbasoke ati won ti lo fun owo data processing. Dr. Herman Hollerith, a ọmọ Statistician lati awọn US Census Ajọ ni ifijišẹ tabulated awọn 1890 census. Hollerith ti a se ọna ti a ifaminsi awọn data nipa punching ihò sinu kaadi. Hе itumọ ti ọkan ẹrọ lati Punch awọn ihò ati awọn miran lati tabulate awọn gbà data. Lẹyìn Hollerith sosi Ìkànìyàn Ajọ ki o si mulẹ ara rẹ tabulating ẹrọ соmрапу. Nipasẹ kan lẹsẹsẹ ti merges awọn ile-bajẹ-di awọn Ai Bi Emu Corporation.
Titi ti awọn arin ti awọn ifoya orundun ero še lati se afọwọyi punched kaadi data won ni opolopo lo fun owo data processing. Awọn wọnyi tete electromechanical data to nse ti won npe ni kuro gba ero nitori kọọkan punched kaadi ti o wa ninu a kuro ti data.
Ni aarin awọn - 1940s itanna kọmputa ti won ni idagbasoke lati ṣe isiro fun ologun ati imo ijinle ti a ni. Вy awọn opin ti awọn 1960 ti owo si dede ti awọn wọnyi kọmputa won o gbajumo ni lilo fun awọn mejeeji ijinle sayensi iṣiro ati owo data processing. Lakoko wọnyi kọmputa gba wọn input data lati punched awọn kaadi. Вy pẹ 1970s punched awọn kaadi ti a ti fere universally rọpo nipasẹ keyboard TTY. Niwon ti akoko mura lati ni Imọ ti yori si awọn afikun ti com¬puters jakejado awujo wa, ati awọn ti o ti kọja jẹ sugbon oti sqrq kukuru ti yoo fun wa a ni ṣoki ti awọn ojo iwaju.