Text 1. SoftwareA computer system i

Text 1. Software
A computer system implies a mixture of integrated parts working together. It consists of two parts. The first part is hardware – the physical, electronic devices that are thought of as “computers”. The hardware consists of equipment: keyboard, mouse, monitor, system unit and other devices. The second part is software – the programs that control and coordinate the activities of the computer hardware and that direct the processing of data.
There are two major kinds of software: system software and application software. The user interacts with application software. System software enables the application software to interact with the computer hardware. System software is “background” software that helps the computer manage its own internal resources. The most important system software program is the operating system, which interacts between the application software and the computer. The operating system handles such details as running (“executing”) programs, storing data and programs, and processing data.
Application software might be described as “end-user” software. Application software performs useful work on general-purpose tasks such as word processing and cost estimating. Application software may be packaged or custom-made.
Packaged software is programs prewritten by professional programmers that are typically offered for sale.
Custom-made software, or custom programs, is programs written for a specific purpose and for a specific organization. Using computer languages, programmers create this software to instruct the company computer to perform whatever tasks the organization wants. A program might compute payroll checks, keep track of goods in the warehouse, calculate sales commissions, or perform similar business functions.
General-purpose programs, or “basic applications”, are widely used in nearly all career areas. One of these basic applications is a browser to navigate, explore, and find information in the Internet.
There are more advanced applications that are more specialized than the basic applications. They are widely used within certain career areas. One of the most exciting advanced applications is multimedia, which integrates video, music, voice, and graphics to create interactive presentations.

Text 2. Hardware.
Microcomputer hardware – the physical equipment – falls into five categories. They are input devices, the system unit, secondary storage, output devices and communications devices.
Input devices translate data and programs that humans can understand into a form that the computer can process. The most common input devices for microcomputers are the keyboard and the mouse. The keyboard on a computer looks like a typewriter keyboard, but it has additional specialized keys. A mouse is a pointing device that typically rolls on the desktop. It directs the insertion point, or cursor, on the display screen. As you glide the mouse, the arrow on the screen moves in the direction of your movement. A mouse has one or more buttons. You click (press and release the button one time) or double-click the mouse button to open the document or to start the program, for example.
The large metal box, or the case, with its contents (electronic circuitry) is called the system unit. The two most important components of the system unit are:
1. The central processing unit (CPU) controls and manipulates data to produce information. A microcomputer’s CPU is contained on a single integrated circuit or microprocessor chip. These chips are called microprocessors.
2. Memory, also known as primary storage or random access memory (RAM), holds data and program instructions for processing the data. It also holds the processed information before it is output. Memory is sometimes referred to as temporary storage, because it will be lost if the electrical power to the computer is disrupted or cut off. Data and instructions are held in memory only as long as the electrical power to the computer is on. Memory is located in the system unit on the tiny memory chips.
Secondary storage also holds data and programs. It stores permanently, that is, the data and programs remain even after the turning off the electrical power. The most important kinds of secondary storage devices are: floppy disks, hard disks, optical disks, flash cards.
Floppy disks, or diskettes, were widely used to store and transport data from one computer to another. They are called “floppy” because data is stored on a very thin flexible plastic disk. The disk rotates within a protective sturdy plastic cover. Today’s standard floppy disk is a ”3,5-inch 2HD” (two-sided high density) with a capacity to hold the equivalent of 400 type-written pages.
Hard disks are typically used to store programs and very large data files. Hard disks have much greater capacity and are able to access information much faster than floppy disks. Almost every microcomputer system has an internal hard disk that is permanently installed within the system cabinet. Th

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Текст 1. Программное обеспечениеКомпьютерная система подразумевает смесь интегрированных узлов, работающих вместе. Он состоит из двух частей. Первая часть — аппаратное обеспечение – физические, электронные устройства, которые рассматриваются как «компьютеры». Оборудование состоит из оборудования: клавиатура, мышь, монитор, системный блок и других устройств. Вторая часть — это программное обеспечение-программы, которые контролируют и координируют деятельность компьютерного оборудования и что прямая обработка данных.Существует два основных вида программного обеспечения: Системное программное обеспечение и прикладное программное обеспечение. Пользователь взаимодействует с прикладным программным обеспечением. Системное программное обеспечение позволяет прикладное программное обеспечение для взаимодействия с оборудованием компьютера. Системное программное обеспечение является «фон» программное обеспечение, которое помогает управлять своими собственными внутренними ресурсами компьютера. Наиболее важные системы программного обеспечения программа является операционная система, которая взаимодействует между прикладного программного обеспечения и компьютер. Операционная система обрабатывает такие детали, как выполнение («выполнение») программ, хранения данных и программ и обработки данных.Прикладные программы могут быть охарактеризованы как «конечных пользователей» программного обеспечения. Прикладное программное обеспечение выполняет полезную работу общего назначения задач, таких как обработка текстов и оценки стоимости. Прикладное программное обеспечение может быть упакованы или по индивидуальному заказу. Пакетное программное обеспечение-программы, заранее написанные профессиональными программистами, которые обычно предлагаются для продажи. Custom-made software, or custom programs, is programs written for a specific purpose and for a specific organization. Using computer languages, programmers create this software to instruct the company computer to perform whatever tasks the organization wants. A program might compute payroll checks, keep track of goods in the warehouse, calculate sales commissions, or perform similar business functions.General-purpose programs, or “basic applications”, are widely used in nearly all career areas. One of these basic applications is a browser to navigate, explore, and find information in the Internet.There are more advanced applications that are more specialized than the basic applications. They are widely used within certain career areas. One of the most exciting advanced applications is multimedia, which integrates video, music, voice, and graphics to create interactive presentations.Text 2. Hardware.Microcomputer hardware – the physical equipment – falls into five categories. They are input devices, the system unit, secondary storage, output devices and communications devices. Input devices translate data and programs that humans can understand into a form that the computer can process. The most common input devices for microcomputers are the keyboard and the mouse. The keyboard on a computer looks like a typewriter keyboard, but it has additional specialized keys. A mouse is a pointing device that typically rolls on the desktop. It directs the insertion point, or cursor, on the display screen. As you glide the mouse, the arrow on the screen moves in the direction of your movement. A mouse has one or more buttons. You click (press and release the button one time) or double-click the mouse button to open the document or to start the program, for example.The large metal box, or the case, with its contents (electronic circuitry) is called the system unit. The two most important components of the system unit are:1. The central processing unit (CPU) controls and manipulates data to produce information. A microcomputer’s CPU is contained on a single integrated circuit or microprocessor chip. These chips are called microprocessors.2. Memory, also known as primary storage or random access memory (RAM), holds data and program instructions for processing the data. It also holds the processed information before it is output. Memory is sometimes referred to as temporary storage, because it will be lost if the electrical power to the computer is disrupted or cut off. Data and instructions are held in memory only as long as the electrical power to the computer is on. Memory is located in the system unit on the tiny memory chips.Secondary storage also holds data and programs. It stores permanently, that is, the data and programs remain even after the turning off the electrical power. The most important kinds of secondary storage devices are: floppy disks, hard disks, optical disks, flash cards.Floppy disks, or diskettes, were widely used to store and transport data from one computer to another. They are called “floppy” because data is stored on a very thin flexible plastic disk. The disk rotates within a protective sturdy plastic cover. Today’s standard floppy disk is a ”3,5-inch 2HD” (two-sided high density) with a capacity to hold the equivalent of 400 type-written pages.Hard disks are typically used to store programs and very large data files. Hard disks have much greater capacity and are able to access information much faster than floppy disks. Almost every microcomputer system has an internal hard disk that is permanently installed within the system cabinet. Th