Economic thought goes back thousand

Economic thought goes back thousands of years. The ancient Greek, Xenophon, used the word oikonomikos (from oikos, meaning family, household, estate, and nomos, for usage, law). He was talking about skilful or clever ways to manage land and households. We could call many of Aristotle’s political writings economics, although he did not use the word. The English word economics first appeared in the 19th century - two and a half thousand years after Xenophon.
Early economic thought was all about the meaning of wealth or being rich. These early thinkers asked, ‘what makes a state or a country wealthy?’ For nearly 2,000 years, the answer was very simple: gold. A country or nation’s wealth depended on its owning precious metals. This simple view of the economy remained until medieval times.
During medieval times - roughly the period between 1100 and 1500 AD, trading between nations grew, and a new social class appeared. These were merchants, people who made their money through the buying and selling of goods, and they began to write their own thoughts on the economy. They saw the economy as a way to make the state strong. For them, the nation’s wealth depended on stocks of gold and the size of the population. More people meant bigger armies and a stronger state.
These were still simple ideas. However, daily experience had also taught people many basic economic concepts. For example, they understood the importance of trade with other states. They realised that scarcity makes things more expensive and abundance makes them cheaper.
Modern economics was really born in the 19th century. At this time, thinkers like Adam Smith wrote down ideas that are still important today. Adam Smith is often called the Father of Modern Economics, although the science was called political economy then. Smith realised that a nation’s wealth depended on its ability to produce goods. The value of these goods depended on the cost of production. The cost of production depended on the cost of workers, raw materials and land. This was really the first example of macroeconomics.
Smith and other classical economists were writing at a time of great change. The industrial revolution had begun. Paper money began to replace precious metals. The middle classes were growing stronger. Economists’ theories echoed these changes. They wrote about the division of labour (each worker taking their part in the production process). They discussed the problems of population growth. They influenced thinking about social classes.
For classical economists, the value of goods depends on the cost of production. However, the price of goods is not always the same as their real cost. Later economists developed new theories to explain this weakness in classical economics. These are known as the neoclassical economists and they were writing at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries.
In neoclassical economics, supply and demand make the economy work. In other words, the price of goods depends on how much people want them and how easily they can be found. Consumers want satisfaction from their resources (time and money). Firms want profit. In neoclassical economics, this is the basic relationship in the economy. These ideas are still the basis of economic thinking today.

Результаты (русский) 1:

Economic thought goes back thousands of years. The ancient Greek, Xenophon, used the word oikonomikos (from oikos, meaning family, household, estate, and nomos, for usage, law). He was talking about skilful or clever ways to manage land and households. We could call many of Aristotle’s political writings economics, although he did not use the word. The English word economics first appeared in the 19th century - two and a half thousand years after Xenophon.Early economic thought was all about the meaning of wealth or being rich. These early thinkers asked, ‘what makes a state or a country wealthy?’ For nearly 2,000 years, the answer was very simple: gold. A country or nation’s wealth depended on its owning precious metals. This simple view of the economy remained until medieval times.During medieval times - roughly the period between 1100 and 1500 AD, trading between nations grew, and a new social class appeared. These were merchants, people who made their money through the buying and selling of goods, and they began to write their own thoughts on the economy. They saw the economy as a way to make the state strong. For them, the nation’s wealth depended on stocks of gold and the size of the population. More people meant bigger armies and a stronger state.These were still simple ideas. However, daily experience had also taught people many basic economic concepts. For example, they understood the importance of trade with other states. They realised that scarcity makes things more expensive and abundance makes them cheaper. Современная экономика действительно родился в XIX веке. В это время мыслителей, как Адам Смит написал вниз идеи, которые по-прежнему важны сегодня. Адам Смит часто называют отцом современной экономики, хотя наука тогда назывался политической экономии. Смит понял, что богатство нации зависит от его способности производить товары. Стоимость этих товаров зависит от стоимости производства. Стоимость продукции зависит от стоимости рабочих, сырьевых материалов и земли. Действительно, это был первый пример макроэкономики. Смит и другие классические экономисты писать во время больших перемен. Промышленная революция началась. Бумажные деньги стали заменять драгоценных металлов. Средние классы все сильнее. Теории экономистов поддержал эти изменения. Они писали о разделении труда (каждый работник, их участие в процессе производства). Они обсудили проблемы роста численности населения. Они повлияли думать о социальных классов.Для классических экономистов стоимость товаров зависит от стоимости производства. Однако, Цена товара не всегда совпадает с их реальной стоимости. Позднее экономисты разработали новые теории объяснить этот недостаток в классической экономики. Они известны как неоклассического экономистов и они писали в конце XIX и начале XX веков.В неоклассической экономики спрос и сделать экономику работать. Другими словами цена товара зависит от того, сколько люди хотят их и как легко они могут быть найдены. Потребители хотят удовлетворение от своих ресурсов (времени и денег). Фирмы хотят прибыли. В неоклассической экономики это основные отношения в экономике. Эти идеи по-прежнему являются основой экономического мышления сегодня.

Результаты (русский) 2:

Экономическая мысль восходит тысячи лет Древнегреческий Он говорил о умелые или умных способов управления землей и домохозяйств Economic thought goes back thousands of years. The ancient Greek, Xenophon, used the word oikonomikos (from oikos, meaning family, household, estate, and nomos, for usage, law). He was talking about skilful or clever ways to manage land and households. We could call many of Aristotle’s political writings economics, although he did not use the word. The English word economics first appeared in the 19th century - two and a half thousand years after Xenophon.
Early economic thought was all about the meaning of wealth or being rich. These early thinkers asked, ‘what makes a state or a country wealthy?’ For nearly 2,000 years, the answer was very simple: gold. A country or nation’s wealth depended on its owning precious metals. This simple view of the economy remained until medieval times.
During medieval times - roughly the period between 1100 and 1500 AD, trading between nations grew, and a new social class appeared. These were merchants, people who made their money through the buying and selling of goods, and they began to write their own thoughts on the economy. They saw the economy as a way to make the state strong. For them, the nation’s wealth depended on stocks of gold and the size of the population. More people meant bigger armies and a stronger state.
These were still simple ideas. However, daily experience had also taught people many basic economic concepts. For example, they understood the importance of trade with other states. They realised that scarcity makes things more expensive and abundance makes them cheaper.
Modern economics was really born in the 19th century. At this time, thinkers like Adam Smith wrote down ideas that are still important today. Adam Smith is often called the Father of Modern Economics, although the science was called political economy then. Smith realised that a nation’s wealth depended on its ability to produce goods. The value of these goods depended on the cost of production. The cost of production depended on the cost of workers, raw materials and land. This was really the first example of macroeconomics.
Smith and other classical economists were writing at a time of great change. The industrial revolution had begun. Paper money began to replace precious metals. The middle classes were growing stronger. Economists’ theories echoed these changes. They wrote about the division of labour (each worker taking their part in the production process). They discussed the problems of population growth. They influenced thinking about social classes.
For classical economists, the value of goods depends on the cost of production. However, the price of goods is not always the same as their real cost. Later economists developed new theories to explain this weakness in classical economics. These are known as the neoclassical economists and they were writing at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries.
In neoclassical economics, supply and demand make the economy work. In other words, the price of goods depends on how much people want them and how easily they can be found. Consumers want satisfaction from their resources (time and money). Firms want profit. In neoclassical economics, this is the basic relationship in the economy. These ideas are still the basis of economic thinking today.

Результаты (русский) 3:

Экономической мысли назад тысячи лет. древних греков, долину Мессара, используется слово oikonomikos (от НБС, смысл семьи, домашнего, универсала и Номос, для использования, права). Он говорил о умелым или умные способы управления землей и домашних хозяйств. Мы могли бы многие Аристотель в политической теории экономики, хотя он не использовать слово.В английском языке слово экономика впервые появился в 19-м веке - две с половиной тысячи лет после Мессара.
начало экономической мысли все о значении богатства или богатых. Этих ранних мыслителей спрашивает: "а что делает государство или стране богатых?' на протяжении почти 2000 лет, ответ на этот вопрос очень прост: золото. Страны или нации богатства страны зависит от ее владельцам драгоценных металлов.