TEXT 8D THE EARLY DAYS OF THE AUTOM

TEXT 8D THE EARLY DAYS OF THE AUTOMOBILE
TEXT 8D THE EARLY DAYS OF THE AUTOMOBILE
1. One of the earliest attempts to propel a vehicle by mechanical power was suggested by Isaac Newton. But the first self-propelled vehicle was constructed by the French military engineer Cugnot in 1763. He built a steam-driven engine which had three wheels, carried two passengers and ran at maximum speed of four miles. The carriage was a great achievement but it was far from perfect and extremely inefficient. The supply of steam lasted only 15 minutes and the carriage had to stop every 100 yards to make more steam.
2. In 1825 a steam engine was built in Great Britain. The vehicle carried 18 passengers and covered 8 miles in 45 minutes. However, the progress of motor cars met with great opposition in Great Britain. Further development of the motor car lagged because of the restrictions resulting from legislative acts. The most famous of these acts was the Red Flag Act of 1865, according to which the speed of the steam-driven vehicles was limited to 4 miles per hour and a man with a red flag had to walk in front of it.
Motoring really started in the country after the abolition of this act.
3. In Russia there .were cities where motor cars were outlawed altogether. When, the editor of the local newspaper in the city of Uralsk bought a car, the "governor issued these instructions to the police: "When the vehicle appears in the streets, it is to be stopped and escorted to the police station, where its driver is to be prosecuted."
4. From i860 to 1900 was a period of the application of gasoline engines to motor cars in many countries, The first to perfect gasoline engine was N. Otto who introduced the four-stroke cycle of operation. By that time motor cars got a standard shape and appearance.
In 1896 a procession of motor cars took place from London to Brighton to show how reliable the new vehicles were. In fact, many of the cars broke, for the transmissions were still unreliable and constantly gave trouble.
The cars of that time were very small, two-seated cars with no roof, driven by an engine placed under the seat. Motorists had to carry large cans of fuel and separate spare tyres, for there were no repair or filling stations to serve them.
After World War I it became possible to achieve greater reliability of motor cars, brakes became more efficient. Constant efforts were made to standardize common components. Multi-cylinder engines came into use, most commonly used are four-cylinder engines.
5. Like most other great human achievements, the motor car is not the product of any single inventor. Gradually the development of vehicles driven by internal combustion engine - cars, as they had come to be known, led to the abolition of earlier restrictions. Huge capital began to flow into the automobile industry.
From 1908 to 1924 the number of cars in the world rose from 200 thousand to 20 million; by 1960 it had reached 60 million! No other industry had ever developed at such a rate.
6. There are about 3,000 Americans who like to collect antique cars. They have several clubs such as Antique Automobile Club and Veteran Motor Car Club, which specialize in rare models. The clubs practise meetings where members can exhibit their cars. Collectors can also
advertise in the magazines published by their clubs. Some magazines specialise in a single type of car such as glorious Model "T". A number of museums have exhibitions of antique automobile models whose glory rings in automobile history. But practically the best collection -100 old cars of great rarity - is in possession of William Harrah. He is very influential in his field. The value of his collection is not only historical but also practical: photographs of his cars are used for films and advertisements.
7. In England there is the famous "Beaulieu Motor Museum" - the home for veteran cars.
The founder of the Museum is Lord Montague, the son of one of Englands motoring pioneers, who opened it in 1952 in memory of his father. Lord Montagues father was the first person in England to be fined by the police for speeding. He was fined 5 pounds for going faster than 12 miles per hour!
In the Museum''s collection there is a car called the Silver Ghost which people from near and far go to see. It was built by Rolls-Royce in 1907, and called the Silver Ghost because it ran so silently and was painted silver.
There is a car called The Knight. It is the first British petrol-driven car. Its top speed was only 8 m.p .h.!
In the Museum there is also a two-seater car built in 1903.

Результаты (русский) 1:

ТЕКСТ 8D ПЕРВЫЕ ДНИ АВТОМОБИЛЯТЕКСТ 8D ПЕРВЫЕ ДНИ АВТОМОБИЛЯ 1. Одна из первых попыток продвинуть транспортное средство, механической энергии было предложено Исаак Ньютон. Но первый самоходный автомобиль был построен французский военный инженер Cugnot в 1763 году. Он построил приводом паровой двигатель, который имеет три колеса, двух пассажиров и побежал на максимальной скорости в четырех милях. Перевозка является большим достижением, но он был далек от совершенства и крайне неэффективно. Поставка пара длилась всего 15 минут и перевозки пришлось остановить каждые 100 ярдов сделать больше пара. 2. в 1825 году парового двигателя был построен в Великобритании. Транспортное средство 18 пассажиров и 8 миль в 45 минут. Однако прогресс автомобилей встретился с большой оппозицией в Великобритании. Дальнейшее развитие автомобиля задерживается из-за ограничений, обусловленных законодательными актами. Самым известным из этих деяний был красный флаг закон 1865 года, согласно которой скорость пара механических транспортных средств было ограничено 4 миль в час и человек с красным флагом пришлось ходить перед ним. Автомобилизм действительно началась в стране после отмены этого закона. 3. в России там .were города, где автомобили были запрещены в целом. Когда, редактор местной газеты в городе Уральске купил автомобиль, «губернатор издал эти инструкции для полиции: «Когда транспортное средство появляется на улицах, это остановить и препровождены в полицейский участок, где его водитель должен быть привлечен к ответственности.» 4. от i860 до 1900 был период применения бензиновых двигателей легковых автомобилей во многих странах, первый совершенный бензиновый двигатель н. Отто, который представил 4 тактный цикл работы. К этому времени автомобилей получили стандартная форма и внешний вид. В 1896 году шествие легковых автомобилей состоялся из Лондона в Брайтон, чтобы показать, насколько достоверны были новые транспортные средства. В самом деле многие из этих автомобилей сломал, для передачи по-прежнему ненадежны и постоянно дал неприятности. Автомобили этого времени были очень маленькие, сидящих две машины с без крыши, двигателем помещается под сиденье. Автомобилисты должны нести большие банки топлива и отдельных запасных шин, для ремонта или заправочных станций для обслуживания их не было. После первой мировой войны стало возможным добиться большей надежности автомобилей, тормоза стал более эффективным. Постоянные усилия по стандартизации общих компонентов. Многоцилиндровых двигателей come into польза, чаще всего используются 4 цилиндровых двигателей. 5. как и большинство других великих человеческих достижений автомобиля не является продуктом любого одного изобретателя. Постепенно развитие транспортных средств, приводом от двигателя внутреннего сгорания - автомобили, как они известны, привели к отмене ранее ограничений. Огромный капитал начал поступать в автомобильной промышленности. От 1908 до 1924 года количество автомобилей в мире выросла с 200 тысяч до 20 миллионов; к 1960 году она достигла 60 миллионов! Без другой отрасли когда-либо разработанных по такой ставке. 6. There are about 3,000 Americans who like to collect antique cars. They have several clubs such as Antique Automobile Club and Veteran Motor Car Club, which specialize in rare models. The clubs practise meetings where members can exhibit their cars. Collectors can also advertise in the magazines published by their clubs. Some magazines specialise in a single type of car such as glorious Model "T". A number of museums have exhibitions of antique automobile models whose glory rings in automobile history. But practically the best collection -100 old cars of great rarity - is in possession of William Harrah. He is very influential in his field. The value of his collection is not only historical but also practical: photographs of his cars are used for films and advertisements. 7. In England there is the famous "Beaulieu Motor Museum" - the home for veteran cars. The founder of the Museum is Lord Montague, the son of one of Englands motoring pioneers, who opened it in 1952 in memory of his father. Lord Montagues father was the first person in England to be fined by the police for speeding. He was fined 5 pounds for going faster than 12 miles per hour! In the Museum''s collection there is a car called the Silver Ghost which people from near and far go to see. It was built by Rolls-Royce in 1907, and called the Silver Ghost because it ran so silently and was painted silver. There is a car called The Knight. It is the first British petrol-driven car. Its top speed was only 8 m.p .h.! In the Museum there is also a two-seater car built in 1903.