History of economic thought Economi

History of economic thought Economic thought goes back thousands of years. The ancient Greek, Xenophon, used the word oikonomikos (from oikos, meaning family, household, estate, and nomos, for usage, law). He was talking about skilful or clever ways to manage land and households. We could call many of Aristotle's political writings economics, although he did not use the word. The English word economics first appeared in the 19th century -two and a half thousand years after Xenophon. Early economic thought was all about the meaning of wealth or being rich. These early thinkers asked, 'what makes a state or a country wealthy?' For nearly 2,000 years, the answer was very simple: gold. A country or nation's wealth depended on its owning precious metals. This simple view of the economy remained until medieval times. During medieval times - roughly the period between 1100 and 1500 AD, trading between nations grew, and a new social class appeared. These were merchants, people who made their money through the buying and selling of goods, and they began to write their own thoughts on the economy. They saw the economy as a way to make the state strong. For them, the nation's wealth depended on stocks of gold and the size of the population. More people meant bigger armies and a stronger state. These were still simple ideas. However, daily experience had also taught people many basic economic concepts. For example, they understood the importance of trade with other states. They realised that scarcity makes things more expensive and abundance makes them cheaper. Modern economics was really born in the 19th century. At this time, thinkers like Adam Smith wrote down ideas that are still important today. Adam Smith is often called the Father of Modern Economics, although the science was called political economy then. Smith realised that a nation's wealth depended on its ability to produce goods. The value of these goods depended on the cost of production. The cost of production depended on the cost of workers, raw materials and land. This was really the first example of macroeconomics. Smith and other classical economists were writing at a time of great change. The industrial revolution had begun. Paper money began to replace precious metals. The middle classes were growing stronger. Economists' theories echoed these changes. They wrote about the division of labour (each worker taking their part in the production process). They discussed the problems of population growth. They influenced thinking about social classes. For classical economists, the value of goods depends on the cost of production. However, the price of goods is not always the same as their real cost. Later economists developed new theories to explain this weakness in classical economics. These are known as the neoclassical economists and they were writing at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries. In neoclassical economics, supply and demand make the economy work. In other words, the price of goods depends on how much people want them and how easily they can be found. Consumers want satisfaction from their resources (time and money). Firms want profit. In neoclassical economics, this is the basic relationship in the economy. These ideas are still the basis of economic thinking today.

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Téann Stair smaoinimh eacnamaíoch smaoinimh eacnamaíochta siar na mílte bliain. An Gréigis ársa, Xenophon, a úsáidtear an oikonomikos focal (ó Oikos, rud a chiallaíonn teaghlaigh, teaghlaigh, eastáit, agus Nomos, le haghaidh úsáide, dlí). Bhí sé ag caint faoi bhealaí sciliúil nó cliste talamh agus teaghlaigh a bhainistiú. D'fhéadfadh muid glaoch go leor de na eacnamaíocht scríbhinní polaitiúla Arastatail, cé nach raibh sé ag úsáid an focal. Na eacnamaíocht focal Béarla le feiceáil den chéad uair sa -Dhá 19ú haois go leith míle bliain i ndiaidh Xenophon. Bhí shíl Luath eacnamaíoch ar fad faoi bhrí an rachmais nó a bheith saibhir. Na smaointeoirí luatha d'iarr, 'cad a dhéanann stát nó tír saibhir?' Le beagnach 2,000 bliain, ba é an freagra an-simplí: óir. A tír nó saibhreas náisiúin ag brath ar a chuid miotal lómhar húinéir. An dearcadh simplí den gheilleagar fhan go dtí aimsir na meánaoise. I rith amanna na meánaoise - thart ar an tréimhse idir 1100 agus 1500 AD, trádála idir náisiúin fhás, agus aicme sóisialta nua le feiceáil. Bhí na ceannaithe, daoine a rinne a gcuid airgid trí cheannach agus a dhíol na n-earraí, agus thosaigh siad ag scríobh a gcuid smaointe féin ar an ngeilleagar. Chonaic siad an ngeilleagar ina bhealach a dhéanamh ar an stát láidir. Chun iad, ag brath saibhreas an náisiúin ar stoic óir agus méid an daonra. Tá níos mó daoine i gceist airm níos mó agus stát níos láidre. Bhí siad fós smaointe simplí. Mar sin féin, bhí an taithí laethúil mhúin freisin do dhaoine go leor coincheapa bunúsacha eacnamaíocha. Mar shampla, thuig siad an tábhacht a bhaineann le trádáil le stáit eile. Thuig siad go ndéanann ganntanas rudaí níos costasaí agus a dhéanann raidhse iad níos saoire. Eacnamaíocht nua-aimseartha a rugadh i ndáiríre sa 19ú haois. Ag an am, scríobh smaointeoirí cosúil Adam Smith síos smaointe atá fós tábhachtach sa lá atá inniu. Adam Smith Is minic a dtugtar an Athair na Nua Eacnamaíocht, cé go raibh ar a dtugtar an eolaíocht eacnamaíocht pholaitiúil sin. Smith realized go brath saibhreas náisiúin ar a chumas chun earraí a tháirgeadh. Luach na n-earraí ag brath ar an costas táirgthe. An costas táirgthe ag brath ar an costas na n-oibrithe, amhábhar agus talamh. Ba é seo i ndáiríre an chéad sampla de Maicreacnamaíocht. Smith agus eacnamaithe clasaiceach eile a bhí ag scríobh ag am ina bhfuil athrú mór. Bhí tús curtha ag an réabhlóid tionsclaíochta. Airgead Páipéar thosaigh a chur in ionad miotail lómhara. Bhí na meánranganna ag fás níos láidre. Teoiricí Eacnamaithe 'echoed na hathruithe seo. Scríobh siad mar gheall ar an roinnt an tsaothair (gach oibrí ag cur a gcuid páirt sa phróiseas táirgthe). Phléigh siad na fadhbanna a bhaineann le fás daonra. Tionchar siad ag smaoineamh ar aicmí sóisialta. Maidir le eacnamaithe clasaiceach, braitheann an luach na n-earraí ar an costas táirgthe. Mar sin féin, nach bhfuil an praghas na n-earraí i gcónaí mar a gcostas fíor mar an gcéanna. Eacnamaithe ina dhiaidh sin d'fhorbair teoiricí nua a mhíniú an laige san eacnamaíocht clasaiceach. Tá siad seo ar a dtugtar an eacnamaithe neoclassical agus bhí siad ag scríobh ag deireadh an 19ú haois agus go luath 20ú haois. I eacnamaíocht nuachlasaiceach, soláthar agus éileamh a dhéanamh ar an obair gheilleagar. I bhfocail eile, braitheann an praghas na n-earraí ar conas ba mhaith daoine i bhfad orthu agus cé chomh héasca is féidir iad a fháil. Ba mhaith Tomhaltóirí sásamh as a n-acmhainní (am agus airgead). Ba mhaith Gnólachtaí brabúis. I eacnamaíocht nuachlasaiceach, is é seo an caidreamh bunúsach sa gheilleagar. Tá na smaointe fós ar an bonn smaointeoireachta eacnamaíoch sa lá atá inniu. Источник: http://5fan.info/jgemerrnayfsujg.html