1. In the early 19th century the pr

1. In the early 19th century the prominent Russian historian Nikolay
Karamzin said: "If you want to know Russia go to Moscow." By the end of
the 20th century we have every reason to repeat these words.



It is the city where every stone breathes history.

Moscow was founded in 1147 by the Prince of Suzdal, Jury Dolgoruky.
Although there were settlements on the site of modem city long before 1147,
this was the year when Moscow was first mentioned in the written records.
Moscow has the priority right to be the capital of the Russian State. Its wise
founder built it in the middle of a densely populated country. It is protected
by rivers and a fortress. In the opinion of many scientists the city will never
lose its significance and the leading role in the development of the country.

Moscow, like ancient Rome, stands on seven hills. The principle is the
Borovitsky, the hill on which the Kremlin stands.

2. Moscow's early architecture was simple but expressive. The larger
part of the city was occupied by private houses made of wood. But such
city's structures as fortress walls, bridges, churches and cathedrals were
made of brick and white stone decorated with ceramic. Eventually these
buildings crested Moscow's architectural image of a city of white stone.

Large-scale stone construction was performed during the reign of
Catherine the Great. Several first-class foreign architects were invited to
build a number of architectural monuments in Western style. Some of them
have survived to our days and are carefully preserved by the city
authorities,

3. In 1812 during Napoleon's invasion a terrible fire raged in the city
for several days. It was calculated that more than 7,000 buildings were
destroyed and the city's central area was completely gone. This disaster,
however, prompted a real housing boom. Standard projects had to be used
to facilitate rapid restoration of the city and preserve the city's architectural
uniformity. This task was successfully carried out. As a result a great
number of stone houses with much better facilities appeared in the city.
They were completely different from those of the previous years.

As the time passed, the city's boundaries expanded considerably. New
dwelling districts and industrial enterprises were built on the outskirts of the
city.

4. A major feature of Moscow's present development is the
establishment of the industries requiring highly-skilled labour, and the
branches producing high-quality apparatus, as well as the development of
new technologies and know-how.

Alongside industrial development much attention is paid by the city
administration to the construction of cultural, educational institutions and
sports facilities.

5. hi recent years the population of Moscow reached 10 million and it is
still growing. This resulted in large-scale migration of people. Muscovites
move from one district to another, when they get new flats and for other

reasons. All that calls for further development and improvement of the
city's transport services. Transport is a serious problem for all large cities
of the world. The capitals of major states are often unable to solve it.
Moscow also has a transport problem. The most convenient means of
transport in Moscow is, of course, the Metro. Besides it there are buses,
trolley-buses and trams. The total length of their routes is constantly
increasing. But nevertheless there is permanent need for new and more
comfortable means of transport.

6. Roads constitute another aspect of the transport problem. Having
reconstructed many of the existing streets and roads the city authorities
started to build new roads which are to link several city districts between
the Moscow Circular Highway and the Sadovoye Ring Road.

So instead of the traditional monocentric system the city gets
polycentric planning according to which Moscow complex zones are united
by a system of general city centre.

7. The territory within Sadovoye Ring Road will retain its significance
as a historical, cultural, educational and administrative public centre, the
seat of the Government and the Parliament. All the valuable architectural
monuments as well as parks and old streets with their unique buildings will
remain untouched.

Moscow today is an enormous city whose infrastructure is traditional
for every megapolis with first-rate hotels, restaurants, theatres, exhibition
halls, shops and gigantic transport arteries. But in spirit Moscow remains
its old self, open, hospitable and festive, and, consequently, has the right, as
ever, to be called the heart of Russia.

Результаты (русский) 1:

1. в начале XIX века известный русский историк НиколайКарамзин сказал: «Если вы хотите знать России ехать в Москву.» К концуXX века мы имеем все основания, чтобы повторить эти слова.Это город, где каждый камень дышит историей.Москва была основана в 1147 году князь Суздальский Юрий Долгорукий.Хотя существовали поселения на месте города модем задолго до 1147,Это был год, когда Москва впервые упоминается в письменных отчетах.Москва имеет приоритетное право быть столицей российского государства. Его мудрыйоснователь построил в центре густонаселенной стране. Она защищенареки и крепость. По мнению многих ученых город никогда не будеттеряют свое значение и ведущую роль в развитии страны.Москва, как древний Рим стоит на семи холмах. ПринципБоровицкого холма, на котором стоит Кремль.2. Москва ранней архитектуры был простым, но выразительным. Чем большечасть города была оккупирована частных домов из дерева. Но такиеструктуры города, как стены крепости, мосты, церкви и соборыиз кирпича и белого камня, украшенные керамические. В конце концов этиздания хохлатая архитектурный облик Москвы город из белого камня.Крупномасштабные каменные конструкции была исполнена во время правленияЕкатерина Великая. Были приглашены несколько первоклассных зарубежных архитекторовпостроить ряд архитектурных памятников в западном стиле. Некоторые из нихhave survived to our days and are carefully preserved by the cityauthorities,3. In 1812 during Napoleon's invasion a terrible fire raged in the cityfor several days. It was calculated that more than 7,000 buildings weredestroyed and the city's central area was completely gone. This disaster,however, prompted a real housing boom. Standard projects had to be usedto facilitate rapid restoration of the city and preserve the city's architecturaluniformity. This task was successfully carried out. As a result a greatnumber of stone houses with much better facilities appeared in the city.They were completely different from those of the previous years.As the time passed, the city's boundaries expanded considerably. Newdwelling districts and industrial enterprises were built on the outskirts of thecity.4. A major feature of Moscow's present development is theestablishment of the industries requiring highly-skilled labour, and thebranches producing high-quality apparatus, as well as the development ofnew technologies and know-how.Alongside industrial development much attention is paid by the cityadministration to the construction of cultural, educational institutions andsports facilities.5. hi recent years the population of Moscow reached 10 million and it isstill growing. This resulted in large-scale migration of people. Muscovitesmove from one district to another, when they get new flats and for otherreasons. All that calls for further development and improvement of thecity's transport services. Transport is a serious problem for all large citiesof the world. The capitals of major states are often unable to solve it.Moscow also has a transport problem. The most convenient means oftransport in Moscow is, of course, the Metro. Besides it there are buses,trolley-buses and trams. The total length of their routes is constantlyincreasing. But nevertheless there is permanent need for new and morecomfortable means of transport.6. Roads constitute another aspect of the transport problem. Havingreconstructed many of the existing streets and roads the city authoritiesstarted to build new roads which are to link several city districts betweenthe Moscow Circular Highway and the Sadovoye Ring Road.So instead of the traditional monocentric system the city getspolycentric planning according to which Moscow complex zones are unitedby a system of general city centre.7. The territory within Sadovoye Ring Road will retain its significanceas a historical, cultural, educational and administrative public centre, theseat of the Government and the Parliament. All the valuable architecturalmonuments as well as parks and old streets with their unique buildings willremain untouched.Moscow today is an enormous city whose infrastructure is traditionalfor every megapolis with first-rate hotels, restaurants, theatres, exhibitionhalls, shops and gigantic transport arteries. But in spirit Moscow remainsits old self, open, hospitable and festive, and, consequently, has the right, asever, to be called the heart of Russia.

Результаты (русский) 3:

1. В начале 19-го века выдающийся русский историк Николай Михайлович Карамзин $сказал: "Если вы хотите знать Россия перейти к Москве." к концу
20-го столетия, и мы имеем все основания для того, чтобы повторить эти слова.



это город, где каждый камень дышит историей.ветровому Москве был основан в 1147 князем Суздаль, жюри Юрий Долгорукий.
Хотя поселения на месте модем город задолго до 1147,
это был год, когда Москва была впервые упоминается в письменных отчетов.
Москва имеет приоритетное право на столицей Российского государства. Его мудрое
основатель построен он в середине густонаселенной стране. Он защищен
реками и в крепости. По мнению многих ученых города никогда не
теряют свое значение и играет ведущую роль в процессе развития страны.ветровому Москва, как и древний Рим, стоит на семи холмах. В принципе в
вернуться на http://www.kremlin.ru, на холме Кремля опоры.ветровому 2. Москве в самом начале архитектура была простой, но выразительной. Более крупные
часть города была оккупирована частных домов из дерева. Но такие
городской структуры, как крепость, мосты,Церкви и соборы были
из кирпича и камня белого цвета со вкусом с керамическим покрытием. В конечном итоге эти
зданий гребенчатый пырей Москвы изображение города белого камня.ветровому крупномасштабных камня была выполнена во время правления
Екатерины Великой. Несколько первоклассных иностранных архитекторов были приглашены на
построить ряд архитектурных памятников в западном стиле. Некоторые из них
Сохранились до наших дней и тщательно сохранены в городе
власти,ветровому 3. В 1812 г. в ужасной пожар бушует в городе
в течение нескольких дней. Подсчитано, что более чем 7000 зданий были
уничтожены и центральной области полностью исчезла. Эта катастрофа,
однако, побудили к реальной стоимости жилья. Стандартные проекты должны использоваться
В целях содействия быстрому восстановлению города и сохранения архитектурных
единообразия. Эта задача была успешно выполнена. В результате большой
количество каменные дома гораздо лучше объектов в городе.
они полностью отличаются от предыдущих лет.ветровому как время прошло, границ города существенно расширилась. Новые
Жилья районов и промышленных предприятий были построены на окраине
город.ветровому 4. Основная особенность Москвы в настоящее время является
создание отраслях, требующих высококвалифицированный труд, а
отраслей производства высококачественных аппарата, а также развитие
новых технологий и ноу-хау.ветровому наряду с промышленного развития естественно, в городе
Администрации в строительство культурных, образовательных учреждений и
спортивных сооружений.ветровому 5. hi последних лет численность населения Москвы достигла 10 млн. человек, а это
все еще растет. В результате широкомасштабной миграции населения. Москвичей
переместить из одного района в другой, когда они получить новых квартир и для других

причинам. Все, что требует дальнейшего развития и совершенствования этой