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NIKOLAY IVANOVICH PIROGOFF (1810 – 1881) In the 19th century, many aspects of science and medicine, especially anatomy and surgery, were associated with the name of the famous Russian anatomist and surgeon, Nicolay Ivanovich Pirogoff . Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogoff was born in Moscow on 13 November, 1810, the 13th child of a middle class merchant family. His father, Ivan Ivanovich Pirogoff, died soon after Nikolay was born, leaving the family with severe financial difficulties. Nikolay received his high school education at home and, at the age of 14, was accepted at Moscow University. He graduated with a degree in medicine in 1828, having studied under the guidance of Dr. Ephrem O. Mukhin, a professor who inspired young Pirogoff to become a physician and scientist. After graduating, Pirogoff moved to Dorpat University (now Tartu University, Estonia), one of the oldest universities in Europe, for further training. There, he began a career as a surgeon in the fields of abdominal, orthopedic, and vascular surgery, as well as a career as a scientist, exploring the experimental side of medicine and pathology. At the age of 21 Pirogoff finished his dissertation and, by the age of 26, held the rank of Professor in the Department of Surgery at Dorpat University, under the guidance of professor and surgeon Iosif F. Moyer, a student of the famous Italian anatomist Antonio Scarpa. Moyer believed that a surgeon should possess a thorough knowledge of both anatomy and pathology: “A scalpel in a surgeon’s hand should be approached like a violin bow in a musician’s hand; it should be manipulated skillfully, not pushed upon”. In 1832 Pirogoff replaced Professor Moyer as chair of the Department of Surgery at Dorpat University, and began perfecting the technique of sectioning frozen cadavers with a saw and a chisel. The best known of Pirogoff’s publications during this period are: “Is there a ligation of abdominal aorta easy to do, when aneurysm in the inguinal region is diagnosed?” (Dissertation 1831) and “Surgical anatomy of arterial trunks and fasciae” (1837). In 1841 Pirogoff left Dorpant University and moved to St. Petersburg as chair of the Department of Surgery at the Medico-Surgical Imperial Academy (now the Military Medical Academy), which was organized in 1798 for training military physicians . (O. Malakhova, From Clinical Anatomy, 2004. P. 369. Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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