THREE ECONOMIC ISSUES (ТРИ ВОПРОСА ЭКОНОМИКИ)Three economic issues Eco перевод - THREE ECONOMIC ISSUES (ТРИ ВОПРОСА ЭКОНОМИКИ)Three economic issues Eco русский как сказать

THREE ECONOMIC ISSUES (ТРИ ВОПРОСА

THREE ECONOMIC ISSUES (ТРИ ВОПРОСА ЭКОНОМИКИ)

Three economic issues

Economics is the study of how people choose to allocate scarce resources to satisfy their unlimited wants. The main problem in economics is the question of allocating scarce resources between competing uses. In this section three economic issues are discussed to show how society allocates its scarce resources between competing uses. In this connection the question what, how and for whom to produce is of great significance.

The oil price shocks

Oil is an important commodity in modem economies. Oil and its derivatives provide fuel for heating, transport, and machinery, and arc basic inputs for the manufacture of industrial petrochemicals and many household products ranging from plastic utensils to polyester clothing. From the beginning of this century until 1973 the use of oil Increased steadily. Over much of this period the price of oil fell in comparison -with the prices of other products. Economic activity was organized on the assumption of cheap and abundant oil.

In 1973 – 74 there was an abrupt change. The main oil-producing nations, mostly located in the Middle East but including also Venezuela and Nigeria, belong to OPEC — the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Recognizing that together they produced most of the world's oil, OPEC decided in 1973 to raise the price at which this oil was sold. Although higher prices encourage consumers of oil to try to economize on its use, OPEC countries correctly forecast that cutbacks in the quantity demanded would be small since most other nations were very dependent on oil and had few commodities available as potential substitutes for oil. Thus OPEC countries correctly anticipated that a substantial price increase would lead to only a small reduction in sales. It would be very profitable for OPEC members.

Oil prices are traditionally quoted in US dollars per barrel. Fig. 1 shows the price of oil from 1970 to 1986. Between 1973 and 1974 the price of oil tripled, from $2,90 to $9 per barrel. After a more gradual rise between 1974 and 1978 there was another sharp increase between 1978 and 1980, from $12 to $30 per barrel. The dramatic price increases of 1973 – 79 and 1980 – 82 have become known as the OPEC oil price shocks, not only because they took the rest of the world by surprise but also because of the upheaval they inflicted on the world economy, which had previously been organized on the assumption of cheap oil prices.

People usually respond to prices in this or that way. When the price of some commodity increases, consumers will try to use less of it but producers will want to sell more of it. These responses, guided by prices, are part of the process by which most Western societies determine what, how and for whom to produce.Consider first how the economy produces goods and services. When, as in the 1970s, the price of oil increases six-fold, every firm will try to reduce its use of oil-based products. Chemical firms will develop artificial substitutes for petroleum inputs to their production processes; airlines will look for more fuel-efficient aircraft; electricity will be produced from more coal-fired generators. In general, higher oil prices make the economy produce in a way that uses less oil.
How does the oil price increase affect what is being produced? Finns and households reduce their use of oil-intensive products, which are now more expensive. Households switch to gas-fired central heating and buy smaller cars. Commuters form car-pools or move closer to the city. High prices not only choke off the demand for oil-related commodities; they also encourage consumers to purchase substitute commodities. Higher demand for these commodities bids up their price and encourages their production. Designers produce smaller cars, architects contemplate solar energy, and research laboratories develop alternatives to petroleum in chemical production. Throughout the economy, what is being produced reflects a shift away from expensive oil-using products towards less oil-intensive substitutes. The for whom question in this example has a clear answer. OPEC revenues from oil sales increased from $35 billion in 1973 to nearly $300 billion in 1980. Much of this increased revenue was spent on goods produced in the industrialized Western nations. In contrast, oil-importing nations had to give up more of their own production in exchange for the oil imports that they required. In terms of goods as a whole, the rise in oil prices raised the buying power of OPEC and reduced the buying power of oil-importing countries such as Germany and Japan. The world economy was producing more for OPEC and less for Germany and Japan. Although it is the most important single answer to the 'for whom' question, the economy is an intricate, interconnected system and a disturbance anywhere ripples throughout the entire economy,

In answering the 'what' and 'how' questions, we have seen that some activities expanded and others contracted following the oil price shocks. Expanding industries may have to pay higher wages to attract the extra labour that they require. For example, in the British economy coal miners were able to use the renewed demand for coal to secure large wage Increases. The opposite effects may have been expected if the 1986 oil price slump had persisted.

The OPEC oil price shocks example illustrates how society allocates scarce resources between competing uses.

A scarce resource is one for which the demand at a zero price would exceed the available supply. We can think of oil as having become more scarce in economic terms when its price rose.

0/5000
Источник: -
Цель: -
Результаты (русский) 1: [копия]
Скопировано!
ТРИ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ВОПРОСОВ (ТРИ ВОПРОСА ЭКОНОМИКИ)Три экономические вопросы Экономика является изучение как люди выбирают для распределения ограниченных ресурсов для удовлетворения их неограниченное хочет. Главной проблемой экономики является вопрос о распределении ограниченных ресурсов между конкурирующими видами использования. В этом разделе обсуждаются три экономических вопросов показать, каким образом общество выделяет свои скудные ресурсы между конкурирующими видами использования. В этой связи вопрос что, как и для кого производить имеет большое значение.Нефть ценовых потрясенийНефть является важным товаром в модем экономикой. Нефть и ее производные обеспечивают топливо для отопления, транспорта и машины и дуга основные материалы для изготовления промышленных нефтехимии и многих бытовых изделий, начиная от пластиковой посуды полиэстер одежда. С самого начала этого века до 1973 года использование нефти неуклонно растет. В течение большей части этого периода цены на нефть упали в сравнении-с ценами на другие товары. Экономическая деятельность была организована исходя из дешевой и обильной нефти.В 1973-74 было резкое изменение. Основные производители нефти Наций, расположенные в основном в странах Ближнего Востока, но включая также Венесуэлы и Нигерии, принадлежат к ОПЕК — Организация стран-экспортеров нефти. Признавая, что вместе они производят большую часть мировых запасов нефти, ОПЕК решил в 1973 году поднять цену, на которой был продан этой нефти. Хотя более высокие цены стимулировать потребителей нефти в попытке сэкономить на его использование, страны ОПЕК правильно прогноз, что сокращения в количественный спрос будет небольшим, так как большинство других народов были очень зависит от нефти и имел несколько товаров доступны как потенциальных заменителей нефти. Таким образом страны ОПЕК правильно предполагается, что существенное подорожание приведет к небольшим снижением продаж. Было бы очень выгодно для членов ОПЕК.Цены на нефть традиционно указаны в долларах США за баррель. Рис.1 показывает цену на нефть с 1970 по 1986 год. Между 1973 и 1974 году цена на нефть втрое, с $2,90 до $9 за баррель. После более постепенный рост между 1974 и 1978 годах был еще один резкий рост между 1978 и 1980 годах, от $12 до $30 за баррель. Драматические цен 1973-79 и 1980-82 стали известны как потрясения Цена нефти ОПЕК, не только потому, что они приняли остальной мир врасплох, но и из-за потрясений они нанесли на мировую экономику, который ранее был организован исходя из цен на нефть дешевые. Люди обычно реагируют на цены или иным способом. Когда цена некоторых сырьевых товаров увеличивается, потребители будут пытаться использовать меньше его, но производители хотят продать больше из его. Эти ответы, руководствуясь цены, являются частью процесса, который большинство западных обществ определить, что, как и для кого производить.Рассмотрим сначала, как экономика производит товары и услуги. Когда, как в 1970-х, Цена на нефть увеличивается в шесть раз, каждая фирма будет пытаться уменьшить его использования продуктов на основе нефти. Химических фирм будет развиваться искусственных заменителей нефти материалы для их производственных процессов; авиакомпании будет искать более экономичных самолетов; электроэнергии будет производиться из более генераторов, работающих на угле. В целом более высокие цены на нефть делают экономики производить таким образом, что использует меньше нефти.How does the oil price increase affect what is being produced? Finns and households reduce their use of oil-intensive products, which are now more expensive. Households switch to gas-fired central heating and buy smaller cars. Commuters form car-pools or move closer to the city. High prices not only choke off the demand for oil-related commodities; they also encourage consumers to purchase substitute commodities. Higher demand for these commodities bids up their price and encourages their production. Designers produce smaller cars, architects contemplate solar energy, and research laboratories develop alternatives to petroleum in chemical production. Throughout the economy, what is being produced reflects a shift away from expensive oil-using products towards less oil-intensive substitutes. The for whom question in this example has a clear answer. OPEC revenues from oil sales increased from $35 billion in 1973 to nearly $300 billion in 1980. Much of this increased revenue was spent on goods produced in the industrialized Western nations. In contrast, oil-importing nations had to give up more of their own production in exchange for the oil imports that they required. In terms of goods as a whole, the rise in oil prices raised the buying power of OPEC and reduced the buying power of oil-importing countries such as Germany and Japan. The world economy was producing more for OPEC and less for Germany and Japan. Although it is the most important single answer to the 'for whom' question, the economy is an intricate, interconnected system and a disturbance anywhere ripples throughout the entire economy,Отвечая на «что» и «как» вопросы, мы видели, что некоторые виды деятельности расширилась и другие контракты после нефтяных ценовых потрясений. Расширение отраслей возможно придется платить более высокую заработную плату, чтобы привлечь дополнительную рабочую силу, что они требуют. Например в британской экономике угля шахтеры смогли использовать возобновление спроса на уголь для обеспечения большой заработной платы увеличивается. Противоположный эффект могут ожидать если сохраняется спад цен нефти 1986 года.ОПЕК нефти Цена потрясений пример иллюстрирует, как общество распределяет ограниченные ресурсы между конкурирующими видами использования. Дефицитным ресурсом является одним для которой спрос по нулевой цене превышает имеющиеся запасы. Мы можем думать о нефти как стали более скудными в экономическом плане, когда ее цена выросла.
переводится, пожалуйста, подождите..
Результаты (русский) 2:[копия]
Скопировано!
THREE ECONOMIC ISSUES (ТРИ ВОПРОСА ЭКОНОМИКИ)

Three economic issues

Economics is the study of how people choose to allocate scarce resources to satisfy their unlimited wants. The main problem in economics is the question of allocating scarce resources between competing uses. In this section three economic issues are discussed to show how society allocates its scarce resources between competing uses. In this connection the question what, how and for whom to produce is of great significance.

The oil price shocks

Oil is an important commodity in modem economies. Oil and its derivatives provide fuel for heating, transport, and machinery, and arc basic inputs for the manufacture of industrial petrochemicals and many household products ranging from plastic utensils to polyester clothing. From the beginning of this century until 1973 the use of oil Increased steadily. Over much of this period the price of oil fell in comparison -with the prices of other products. Economic activity was organized on the assumption of cheap and abundant oil.

In 1973 – 74 there was an abrupt change. The main oil-producing nations, mostly located in the Middle East but including also Venezuela and Nigeria, belong to OPEC — the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Recognizing that together they produced most of the world's oil, OPEC decided in 1973 to raise the price at which this oil was sold. Although higher prices encourage consumers of oil to try to economize on its use, OPEC countries correctly forecast that cutbacks in the quantity demanded would be small since most other nations were very dependent on oil and had few commodities available as potential substitutes for oil. Thus OPEC countries correctly anticipated that a substantial price increase would lead to only a small reduction in sales. It would be very profitable for OPEC members.

Oil prices are traditionally quoted in US dollars per barrel. Fig. 1 shows the price of oil from 1970 to 1986. Between 1973 and 1974 the price of oil tripled, from $2,90 to $9 per barrel. After a more gradual rise between 1974 and 1978 there was another sharp increase between 1978 and 1980, from $12 to $30 per barrel. The dramatic price increases of 1973 – 79 and 1980 – 82 have become known as the OPEC oil price shocks, not only because they took the rest of the world by surprise but also because of the upheaval they inflicted on the world economy, which had previously been organized on the assumption of cheap oil prices.

People usually respond to prices in this or that way. When the price of some commodity increases, consumers will try to use less of it but producers will want to sell more of it. These responses, guided by prices, are part of the process by which most Western societies determine what, how and for whom to produce.Consider first how the economy produces goods and services. When, as in the 1970s, the price of oil increases six-fold, every firm will try to reduce its use of oil-based products. Chemical firms will develop artificial substitutes for petroleum inputs to their production processes; airlines will look for more fuel-efficient aircraft; electricity will be produced from more coal-fired generators. In general, higher oil prices make the economy produce in a way that uses less oil.
How does the oil price increase affect what is being produced? Finns and households reduce their use of oil-intensive products, which are now more expensive. Households switch to gas-fired central heating and buy smaller cars. Commuters form car-pools or move closer to the city. High prices not only choke off the demand for oil-related commodities; they also encourage consumers to purchase substitute commodities. Higher demand for these commodities bids up their price and encourages their production. Designers produce smaller cars, architects contemplate solar energy, and research laboratories develop alternatives to petroleum in chemical production. Throughout the economy, what is being produced reflects a shift away from expensive oil-using products towards less oil-intensive substitutes. The for whom question in this example has a clear answer. OPEC revenues from oil sales increased from $35 billion in 1973 to nearly $300 billion in 1980. Much of this increased revenue was spent on goods produced in the industrialized Western nations. In contrast, oil-importing nations had to give up more of their own production in exchange for the oil imports that they required. In terms of goods as a whole, the rise in oil prices raised the buying power of OPEC and reduced the buying power of oil-importing countries such as Germany and Japan. The world economy was producing more for OPEC and less for Germany and Japan. Although it is the most important single answer to the 'for whom' question, the economy is an intricate, interconnected system and a disturbance anywhere ripples throughout the entire economy,

In answering the 'what' and 'how' questions, we have seen that some activities expanded and others contracted following the oil price shocks. Expanding industries may have to pay higher wages to attract the extra labour that they require. For example, in the British economy coal miners were able to use the renewed demand for coal to secure large wage Increases. The opposite effects may have been expected if the 1986 oil price slump had persisted.

The OPEC oil price shocks example illustrates how society allocates scarce resources between competing uses.

A scarce resource is one for which the demand at a zero price would exceed the available supply. We can think of oil as having become more scarce in economic terms when its price rose.

переводится, пожалуйста, подождите..
Результаты (русский) 3:[копия]
Скопировано!
Три экономических вопросов (три вопроса экономики)ветровому три экономических вопросов прошлом месяце экономики является исследование о том, как выбрать для выделения ограниченных ресурсов для удовлетворения их неограниченное хочет. Основные проблемы в области экономики, является вопрос о распределении ограниченных ресурсов между конкурирующими.В этом разделе три экономических вопросов и показать, как общество распределяет свои скудные ресурсы между конкурирующими. В этой связи вопрос о том, как и для кого производить имеет большое значение.ветровому резкого скачка цен на нефть

масло является важным ресурсом в модем экономики. Нефти и ее производных финансовых инструментов предоставления топлива для отопления, транспорта, и механизма,
переводится, пожалуйста, подождите..
 
Другие языки
Поддержка инструмент перевода: Клингонский (pIqaD), Определить язык, азербайджанский, албанский, амхарский, английский, арабский, армянский, африкаанс, баскский, белорусский, бенгальский, бирманский, болгарский, боснийский, валлийский, венгерский, вьетнамский, гавайский, галисийский, греческий, грузинский, гуджарати, датский, зулу, иврит, игбо, идиш, индонезийский, ирландский, исландский, испанский, итальянский, йоруба, казахский, каннада, каталанский, киргизский, китайский, китайский традиционный, корейский, корсиканский, креольский (Гаити), курманджи, кхмерский, кхоса, лаосский, латинский, латышский, литовский, люксембургский, македонский, малагасийский, малайский, малаялам, мальтийский, маори, маратхи, монгольский, немецкий, непальский, нидерландский, норвежский, ория, панджаби, персидский, польский, португальский, пушту, руанда, румынский, русский, самоанский, себуанский, сербский, сесото, сингальский, синдхи, словацкий, словенский, сомалийский, суахили, суданский, таджикский, тайский, тамильский, татарский, телугу, турецкий, туркменский, узбекский, уйгурский, украинский, урду, филиппинский, финский, французский, фризский, хауса, хинди, хмонг, хорватский, чева, чешский, шведский, шона, шотландский (гэльский), эсперанто, эстонский, яванский, японский, Язык перевода.

Copyright ©2024 I Love Translation. All reserved.

E-mail: