History of economicthoughtEconomic

History of economic
thought
Economic thought goes back thousands of years.
The ancient Greek, Xenophon, used the word
oikonomikos (from oikos, meaning family,
household, estate, and nomos, for usage, law). He
was talking about skilful or clever ways to manage
land and households. We could call many of
Aristotle’s political writings economics, although
he did not use the word. The English word
economics first appeared in the 19th century -
two and a half thousand years after Xenophon.
Early economic thought was all about the
meaning of wealth or being rich. These early
thinkers asked, ‘what makes a state or a country
wealthy?’ For nearly 2,000 years, the answer
was very simple: gold. A country or nation’s
wealth depended on its owning precious metals.
This simple view of the economy remained until
medieval times.
During medieval times - roughly the period
between 1100 and 1500 AD, trading between
nations grew, and a new social class appeared.
These were merchants, people who made their
money through the buying and selling of goods,
and they began to write their own thoughts on
the economy. They saw the economy as a way
18.11.14
to make the state strong. For them, the nation’s
wealth depended on stocks of gold and the size of
the population. More people meant bigger armies
and a stronger state.
These were still simple ideas. However, daily
experience had also taught people many basic
economic concepts. For example, they understood
the importance of trade with other states.
They realised that scarcity makes things more
expensive and abundance makes them cheaper.
Modern economics was really born in the 19th
century. At this time, thinkers like Adam Smith
wrote down ideas that are still important today.
Adam Smith is often called the Father of Modern
Economics, although the science was called
political economy then. Smith realised that a
nation’s wealth depended on its ability to produce
goods. The value of these goods depended on
the cost of production. The cost of production
depended on the cost of workers, raw materials
and land. This was really the first example of
macroeconomics.
Smith and other classical economists were
writing at a time of great change. The industrial
revolution had begun. Paper money began to
replace precious metals. The middle classes were
growing stronger. Economists’ theories echoed
these changes. They wrote about the division
of labour (each worker taking their part in the
production process). They discussed the problems
of population growth. They influenced thinking
about social classes.
For classical economists, the value of goods
depends on the cost of production. However, the
price of goods is not always the same as their real
cost. Later economists developed new theories
to explain this weakness in classical economics.
These are known as the neoclassical economists
and they were writing at the end of the 19th and
early 20th centuries.
In neoclassical economics, supply and demand
make the economy work. In other words, the
price of goods depends on how much people
want them and how easily they can be found.
Consumers want satisfaction from their
resources (time and money). Firms want profit.
In neoclassical economics, this is the basic
relationship in the economy. These ideas are still
the basis of economic thinking today.

Результаты (русский) 1:

History of economicthoughtEconomic thought goes back thousands of years. The ancient Greek, Xenophon, used the word oikonomikos (from oikos, meaning family, household, estate, and nomos, for usage, law). He was talking about skilful or clever ways to manage land and households. We could call many of Aristotle’s political writings economics, although he did not use the word. The English word economics first appeared in the 19th century - two and a half thousand years after Xenophon.Early economic thought was all about the meaning of wealth or being rich. These early thinkers asked, ‘what makes a state or a country wealthy?’ For nearly 2,000 years, the answer was very simple: gold. A country or nation’s wealth depended on its owning precious metals. This simple view of the economy remained until medieval times.During medieval times - roughly the period between 1100 and 1500 AD, trading between nations grew, and a new social class appeared. These were merchants, people who made their money through the buying and selling of goods, and they began to write their own thoughts on the economy. They saw the economy as a way18.11.14 to make the state strong. For them, the nation’s wealth depended on stocks of gold and the size of the population. More people meant bigger armies and a stronger state.These were still simple ideas. However, daily experience had also taught people many basic экономические концепции. Например они понимают значение торговли с другими государствами. Они поняли, что дефицит делает вещи более дорого и обилие делает их дешевле. Современная экономика действительно родился в 19 веке века. В это время мыслителей, как Адам Смит Написал вниз идеи, которые по-прежнему важны сегодня. Адам Смит часто называют отцом современной Экономика, хотя наука был вызван политическая экономия затем. Смит понял, что богатство нации зависит от его способности производить товаров. Зависит от стоимости этих товаров стоимость производства. Стоимость производства зависит от стоимости рабочих, сырье и земли. Действительно, это был первый пример Макроэкономика. Смит и другие классические экономисты были написание в период великих перемен. Промышленные Революция началась. Бумажные деньги стали Замените драгоценных металлов. Средние классы были все сильнее. Теории экономистов перекликается Эти изменения. Они писали о разделении труда (каждый работник, их участие в производственный процесс). Они обсудили проблемы роста населения. Они под влиянием мышления о социальных классов.Для классических экономистов, стоимость товаров зависит от стоимости производства. Однако Цена товара не всегда совпадает с их реальной стоимость. Позднее экономисты разработали новые теории объяснить этот недостаток в классической экономики. Они известны как неоклассического экономисты and they were writing at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries.In neoclassical economics, supply and demand make the economy work. In other words, the price of goods depends on how much people want them and how easily they can be found. Consumers want satisfaction from their resources (time and money). Firms want profit. In neoclassical economics, this is the basic relationship in the economy. These ideas are still the basis of economic thinking today.

Результаты (русский) 3:

история экономических
что
экономической мысли насчитывает тысячи лет.
древнегреческой, ксенофонт, использовал слово "(от oikonomikos OIKOS, то есть семьи,
домашних хозяйств, недвижимость, а номос, для использования права).он говорил, что умелое и умный "способы управления
земли и домашних хозяйств.мы могли бы назвать многих
аристотель политических работ, экономика, хотя
он не использовать это слово.английское слово
экономики впервые появилась в 19 веке -
две с половиной тысячи лет после ксенофонт.
рано экономической мысли все о
смысл богатства или быть богатым.эти ранние
мыслителей, спрашивает, что делает государство или стране
богатых?"в течение почти 2000 лет, ответ
очень простое: золото.страна или страны
богатства, зависит от ее владельцем драгоценных металлов.
этот простой взгляд на экономику по - прежнему до

в средневековые времена средневековья. - примерно в период
до 1500 объявлений, торговля между
наций выросла, и новый социальный класс, появились.
это были торговцы, людям, которые их
деньги путем покупки и продажи товаров,
и они начали писать свои собственные мысли о
экономики.они видели, что экономика как способ 18.11.14

для того, чтобы государства, сильной.для них, в стране
богатства зависит от запасов золота и размера
населения.все больше людей означает больше армий
и усиление государства.
эти по - прежнему простые идеи.тем не менее, ежедневно
опыт также учил людей, многие основные
экономических концепций.например, они понимают: важность торговли с другими государствами.