We now introduce four important the

We now introduce four important themes of psychology.
The first concerns the role of hereditary and environment in jointly shaping behaviour. In regard to nature versus nurture, research on learning has clearly and repeatedly demonstrated the enormous power of the environment and experience in shaping behaviour. Indeed, many learning theorists once believed that all aspects of behaviour could be explained in terms of environmental determinants. In recent decades, however, evidence on instinctive drift and conditioned taste aversion has shown that there are biological constraints on conditioning. Thus, even in explanations of learning – an area once dominated by nurture theories – we see again that hereditary and environment jointly influence behaviour.
The controversy about how children acquire language skills replays the nature versus nurture debate. The debate is far from settled, but the accumulating evidence suggests that language development depends on both nature and nurture, as more recent interectionist theories of language acquisition have proposed.
The second pertinent theme is the empirical nature of psychology. For many decades, psychologists paid little attention to cognitive processes, because most of them assumed that thinking is too private to be studied scientifically. During the 1950s and 1960s, however, psychologists began to devise creative new ways to measure mental processes. These innovations fueled the cognitive revolution that put the psyche (the mind) back in psychology. Thus, once again, we see how empirical methods are the lifeblood of the scientific enterprise.
Third, the study of cognitive processes shows how there are both similarities and differences across cultures in behavior. On the one hand, we saw that thought processes are largely invariant in spite of sharp differences in cultures’ linguistic heritage. On the other hand, there are cultural variations in cognitive style that reflect the ecological demands of one’s environment. And, although the evidence does not support the strong version of the linguistic relativity hypothesis, a culture’s language may make certain ways of thinking easier or more difficult. Thus, cognitive processes are moderated – albeit to a limited degree – by cultural factors.
The fourth theme is the subjective nature of human experience. The reconstructive nature of memory should explain people’s tendency to view the world with a subjective slant. When you observe an event, you don’t store an exact copy of the event in your memory. Instead, you store a rough, “bare bones” approximation of the event that may be reshaped as time goes by. With the passage of time, people tend to put more and more of a personal, subjective imprint on memories. You will see further that decision making is also a highly subjective process.

Результаты (русский) 3:

Мы теперь четыре важные темы психологии.
во-первых, что касается роли наследственных и окружающей среды в формировании поведения. В том, что касается характера и воспитывает, научных исследований по вопросам обучения неоднократно и четко продемонстрировали огромное влияние окружающей среды и опыт в формировании поведения. Действительно,Во многих учебных теоретики после того как считает, что все аспекты поведения может быть объяснено с точки зрения экологических факторов. В последние десятилетия, однако, доказательств, на инстинктивный сноса и кондиционером вкус aверсия показал, что существуют биологических ограничений на включение кондиционера. Таким образом,