Processing The processor The proce

Processing
The processor

The processor, also called the CPU or central processing unit, is the brain of your computer. In PCs, it is built into a single chip - a small piece of silicon with a complex electrical circuit, called an integrated circuit - that executes instructions and coordinates the activities of all the other units.

1'hree typical parts are:

■ the control unit, which examines instructions from memory and executes Ш the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), which performs arithmetic and logic V the registers, high-speed units of memory used to store and control data.
them; al operat
ions;
The speed of a processor is measured in gigahertz (GHz). Thus, a CPU running at 4 GHz can make about four thousand million calculations a second* An internal clock sends out signals ar fixed intervals to measure and synchronize the flow of data.

The main circuit board is known as the motherboard. This I contains the CPU, the memory chips, expansion slots and controllers for peripherals, connected by internal buses, or paths, that carry electronic signals. For example, the front side bus carries all data that passes from the CPU to other devices.

Expansion slots allow you to install expansion cards which provide extra functions, e.g. a video card or a modem.

Laptops have PC cards, the size of a credit card, which add features like sound, memory and network capabilities. _

RAM and ROM Fuin9 an expansion

When you run a program, the CPU looks for it on the hard disk and transfers a copy into the RAM. RAM (random access memory) is temporary or volatile, that is, it holds data while your PC is working 011 it, but loses this data when the power is switched off.

However, ROM (read only memory) is permanent and contains instructions needed by the CPU; the BIOS (basic input/outpur system) uses ROM to control communication with peripherals, e.g. disk drives.

The amount of RAM determines the number of programs you can run simultaneously and how fast they operate. It can be expanded by adding extra RAM chips.
A RAM module
Units of memory

The electronic circuits in computers detect the difference between two states: ON (the current passes through) or OFF (the current doesn't); they represent these states as 1 or 0. Hach 1 or 0 is called a binary digit or bit Bits arc grouped into eight-digit codes that typically represent characters (letters, numbers and symbols). Eight bits together are called a byte. For Г
One bit
I 0)000001

Example of a byte
example, 01000001 is used for the character A. Computers use a standard code called ASCII for the binary representation of characters.

In order to avoid complex calculations of bytes, we use bigger units. A kilobyte (KB) is 1,024 bytes; a megabyte (MB) is 1,024 kilobytes; a gigabyte (Gfi) is 1,024 megabytes; a terabyte (ТВ) is 1,024 gigabytes. We use these units to describe the RAM memory, the operating capacity of disks and the size of a program or document.
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Processing The processor The processor, also called the CPU or central processing unit, is the brain of your computer. In PCs, it is built into a single chip - a small piece of silicon with a complex electrical circuit, called an integrated circuit - that executes instructions and coordinates the activities of all the other units. 1'hree typical parts are: ■ the control unit, which examines instructions from memory and executes Ш the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), which performs arithmetic and logic V the registers, high-speed units of memory used to store and control data. them; al operat ions; The speed of a processor is measured in gigahertz (GHz). Thus, a CPU running at 4 GHz can make about four thousand million calculations a second* An internal clock sends out signals ar fixed intervals to measure and synchronize the flow of data. The main circuit board is known as the motherboard. This I contains the CPU, the memory chips, expansion slots and controllers for peripherals, connected by internal buses, or paths, that carry electronic signals. For example, the front side bus carries all data that passes from the CPU to other devices. Expansion slots allow you to install expansion cards which provide extra functions, e.g. a video card or a modem. Laptops have PC cards, the size of a credit card, which add features like sound, memory and network capabilities. _ RAM and ROM Fuin9 an expansion When you run a program, the CPU looks for it on the hard disk and transfers a copy into the RAM. RAM (random access memory) is temporary or volatile, that is, it holds data while your PC is working 011 it, but loses this data when the power is switched off. However, ROM (read only memory) is permanent and contains instructions needed by the CPU; the BIOS (basic input/outpur system) uses ROM to control communication with peripherals, e.g. disk drives. The amount of RAM determines the number of programs you can run simultaneously and how fast they operate. It can be expanded by adding extra RAM chips. A RAM module Units of memory The electronic circuits in computers detect the difference between two states: ON (the current passes through) or OFF (the current doesn't); they represent these states as 1 or 0. Hach 1 or 0 is called a binary digit or bit Bits arc grouped into eight-digit codes that typically represent characters (letters, numbers and symbols). Eight bits together are called a byte. For Г One bit I 0)000001 Example of a byte example, 01000001 is used for the character A. Computers use a standard code called ASCII for the binary representation of characters. In order to avoid complex calculations of bytes, we use bigger units. A kilobyte (KB) is 1,024 bytes; a megabyte (MB) is 1,024 kilobytes; a gigabyte (Gfi) is 1,024 megabytes; a terabyte (ТВ) is 1,024 gigabytes. We use these units to describe the RAM memory, the operating capacity of disks and the size of a program or document. Я Профессиональный английский в использовании ИКТ