Invented by the German engineer Nik

Invented by the German engineer Nikolas August Otto in 1867, the internal combustion engine burns fuel directly in the engine itself. Gasoline and air are mixed and ignited in an enclosed chamber. The resulting temperature rise increases the pressure of the gas and allows it to perform work on a movable surface.
To extract work from the fuel, the internal combustion engine must perform four tasks in sequence:
1. It must introduce a fuel air mixture into an enclosed volume.
2. It must ignite that mixture.
3. It must allow the hot burned gas to do work on the car.
4. It must get rid of the exhaust gas.
In the standard, four-stroke fuel-injected engine found in modern gasoline automobiles, this sequence of events takes place inside a hollow cylinder. It’s called a four- stroke engine because it operates. In four distinct steps, or strokes: induction, compression, power, and exhaust. Fuel-injected refers to the technique used to mix the fuel and air as they're introduced into the cylinder.
Automobile engines usually have four or more of these cylinders. Each cylinder is a separate energy source, closed at one end and equipped with a movable piston, several valves, a fuel injector, and a spark plug. The piston slides up and down in the cylinder, shrinking or enlarging the cavity inside. The valves, located at the closed end of the cylinder, open to introduce fuel and air into the cavity or to permit burned exhaust gas to escape from the cavity. The fuel injector adds fuel to the air as it enters the cylinder. The spark plug, also located at the closed end of the cylinder, ignites the fuel-air mixture to release its chemical potential energy as thermal energy.
The fuel-air mixture is introduced into each cylinder during its induction stroke. In this stroke, the engine pulls the piston away from the cylinder's closed end so that its cavity expands to create a partial vacuum. At the same time, the cylinder's inlet valves open so that atmospheric pressure can push fresh air into the cylinder. The cylinder's fuel injector adds a mist of fuel droplets to this air so that the cylinder fills with a flammable fuel-air mixture. Because it takes work to move air out of the way and create a partial vacuum, the engine does work on the cylinder during the induction stroke.
At the end of the induction stroke the inlet valves close to prevent the fuel-air mixture from flowing back out of the cylinder. Now the compression stroke begins. The engine pushes the piston toward the cylinder's closed end so that its cavity shrinks and the fuel-air mixture becomes denser. The engine does work on the module while compressing it—the piston pushes the gas inward as the gas moves inward—so the mixture's Internal energy increases. The only way that a gas can store this additional energy is as thermal energy, so the mixture's temperature rises as it’s compressed. Since increases in a gas's density and temperature both increase its pressure, the pressure in the cylinder rises rapidly as the piston approaches the spark plug.
At the end of the compression stroke, the engine applies a high-voltage pulse to the spark plug and ignites the fuel-air mixture. The mixture burns quickly to produce hot, high-pressure burned gas, which then does work on the car during the cylinders power stroke. In that stroke, the gas pushes the piston away from the cylinder’s closed end so that its cavity expands and the burned gas becomes less dense. Since the hot gas exerts a huge pressure force on the piston as it move: outward, it does work on the piston and ultimately propels the car. As it does work, the burned gas gives up thermal energy and cools in accordance with the law of conservation of energy. Its density and pressure also decrease. At the end of the power stroke the exhaust gas has cooled significantly and its pressure is only a few times atmospheric pressure. The cylinder has extracted much of the fuel's chemical energy as work.
The cylinder gets rid of the exhaust gas during its exhaust stroke. In this stroke, the engine pushes the piston toward the closed end of the cylinder while the cylinder's outlet valves are open. Because the burned gas trapped inside the cylinder at the end of the power stroke is well above atmospheric pressure, it accelerates out of the cylinder the moment the outlet valves open. These sudden bursts of gas leasing the cylinders create the “poof-poof-poof” sound of a running engine. Without a muffler on its exhaust pipes, the engine would be loud and unpleasant.
Just opening the outlet valves releases most of the exhaust gas, but the rest squeezed out as the piston moves toward the cylinders closed end. The engine again does work on the cylinder as it squeezes out the exhaust gas. At the end of the exhaust stroke, the cylinder is empty and the outlet valves close. The cylinder is ready to begin a new induction stroke.

Результаты (русский) 1:

Изобрёл немецкий инженер Николай августа Отто в 1867, двигатель внутреннего сгорания сжигает топливо непосредственно в самом двигателе. Бензина и воздуха смешиваются и зажигается в закрытом зале. Результате повышения температуры увеличивает давление газа и позволяет ему выполнять работу на движимое поверхности.Чтобы извлечь работы из топлива, двигатель внутреннего сгорания необходимо выполнить четыре задачи в последовательности: 1. необходимо ввести топливо-воздушной смеси в закрытых тома.2. она должна воспламениться что смесь.3. она должна разрешать горячего сожгли газа для работы на автомобиле.4. он должен избавиться от выхлопных газов.В стандарте 4 тактный инжекторный двигатель нашли в современных бензиновых автомобилей, эта последовательность событий происходит внутри полый цилиндр. Она называется 4 тактный двигатель, потому что она работает. В четырех различных шагов, или штрихов: индукция, сжатие, власть и выхлопных газов. Инжекторный ссылается на метод, используемый для смесь топлива и воздуха, как они введены в цилиндр. Automobile engines usually have four or more of these cylinders. Each cylinder is a separate energy source, closed at one end and equipped with a movable piston, several valves, a fuel injector, and a spark plug. The piston slides up and down in the cylinder, shrinking or enlarging the cavity inside. The valves, located at the closed end of the cylinder, open to introduce fuel and air into the cavity or to permit burned exhaust gas to escape from the cavity. The fuel injector adds fuel to the air as it enters the cylinder. The spark plug, also located at the closed end of the cylinder, ignites the fuel-air mixture to release its chemical potential energy as thermal energy. The fuel-air mixture is introduced into each cylinder during its induction stroke. In this stroke, the engine pulls the piston away from the cylinder's closed end so that its cavity expands to create a partial vacuum. At the same time, the cylinder's inlet valves open so that atmospheric pressure can push fresh air into the cylinder. The cylinder's fuel injector adds a mist of fuel droplets to this air so that the cylinder fills with a flammable fuel-air mixture. Because it takes work to move air out of the way and create a partial vacuum, the engine does work on the cylinder during the induction stroke. В конце хода индукции впускных клапанов близко к предотвратить топливно воздушной смеси течет обратно из цилиндра. Теперь начинается такта сжатия. Двигатель толкает поршень к закрытым концом цилиндра, так что его полости уменьшается и топливно воздушной смеси становится более плотной. Двигатель работает на модуле во время сжатия — толкает поршень, газа внутрь как газ перемещается внутрь — так смесь внутренней энергии увеличивается. Единственный способ, что газ может хранить этой дополнительной энергии является как тепловой энергии, поэтому температура смеси поднимается, как он сжимается. Поскольку увеличение газа плотности и температуры как увеличить его давление, давление в цилиндре быстро поднимается, как поршень приближается к свече зажигания. At the end of the compression stroke, the engine applies a high-voltage pulse to the spark plug and ignites the fuel-air mixture. The mixture burns quickly to produce hot, high-pressure burned gas, which then does work on the car during the cylinders power stroke. In that stroke, the gas pushes the piston away from the cylinder’s closed end so that its cavity expands and the burned gas becomes less dense. Since the hot gas exerts a huge pressure force on the piston as it move: outward, it does work on the piston and ultimately propels the car. As it does work, the burned gas gives up thermal energy and cools in accordance with the law of conservation of energy. Its density and pressure also decrease. At the end of the power stroke the exhaust gas has cooled significantly and its pressure is only a few times atmospheric pressure. The cylinder has extracted much of the fuel's chemical energy as work. The cylinder gets rid of the exhaust gas during its exhaust stroke. In this stroke, the engine pushes the piston toward the closed end of the cylinder while the cylinder's outlet valves are open. Because the burned gas trapped inside the cylinder at the end of the power stroke is well above atmospheric pressure, it accelerates out of the cylinder the moment the outlet valves open. These sudden bursts of gas leasing the cylinders create the “poof-poof-poof” sound of a running engine. Without a muffler on its exhaust pipes, the engine would be loud and unpleasant. Just opening the outlet valves releases most of the exhaust gas, but the rest squeezed out as the piston moves toward the cylinders closed end. The engine again does work on the cylinder as it squeezes out the exhaust gas. At the end of the exhaust stroke, the cylinder is empty and the outlet valves close. The cylinder is ready to begin a new induction stroke.