Automation is the system of manufac

Automation is the system of manufacture performing certain tasks, previously done by people, by machines only. The sequences of operations are controlled automatically. The most familiar example of a highly automated system is an assembly plant for automobiles or other complex products.
The term automation is also used to describe non-manufacturing systems in which automatic devices can operate independently of human control. Such devices as automatic pilots, automatic telephone equipment and automated control systems are used to perform various operations much faster and better than could be done by people.
Automated manufacturing had several steps in its development. Mechanization was the first step necessary in the development of automation. The simplification of work made it possible to design and build machines that resembled the motions of the worker. These specialized machines were motorized and they had better production efficiency.
Industrial robots, originally designed only to perform simple tasks in environments dangerous to human work¬ers, are now widely used to transfer, manipulate, and position both light and heavy workpieces performing all the functions of a transfer machine.
In the 1920s the automobile industry for the first time used an integrated system of production. This method of production was adopted by most car manufacturers and became known as Detroit automation.
The feedback principle is used in all automatic-control mechanisms when machines have ability to correct themselves. The feedback principle has been used for centuries. An outstanding early example is the flyball governor, invented in 1788 by James Watt to control the speed of the steam engine. The common household thermostat is another example of a feedback device.
Using feedback devices, machines can start, stop, speed up, slow down, count, inspect, test, compare, and measure. These operations are commonly applied to a wide variety of production operations.
Computers have greatly facilitated the use of feedback in manufacturing processes. Computers gave rise to the development of numerically controlled machines. The motions of these machines are controlled by punched paper or magnetic tapes. In numerically controlled machining centres machine tools can perform several different machining operations.
More recently, the introduction of microprocessors and computers have made possible the development of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacture (CAD and CAM) technologies. When using these systems a designer draws a part and indicates its dimensions with the help of a mouse, light pen, or other input device. After the drawing has been completed the computer automatically gives the instructions that direct a machining centre to machine the part.
Another development using automation are the flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). A computer in FMS can be used to monitor and control the operation of the whole factory.
Automation has also had an influence on the areas of the economy other than manufacturing. Small computers are used in systems called word processors, which are rapidly becoming a standard part of the modern office. They are used to edit texts, to type letters and so on.
Automation in Industry
Many industries are highly automated or use automation technology in some part of their operation. In communications and especially in the telephone industry dialing and transmission are all done automatically. Railways are also controlled by automatic signaling devices, which have sensors that detect carriages passing a particular point. In this way the movement and location of trains can be monitored.
Not all industries require the same degree of automation. Sales, agriculture, and some service industries are difficult to automate, though agriculture industry may become more mechanized, especially in the processing and packaging of foods.
The automation technology in manufacturing and assembly is widely used in car and other consumer product industries.
Nevertheless, each industry has its own concept of automation that answers its particular production needs

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Automation-это система производства, выполнения определенных задач, ранее сделано людьми, машинами только. Последовательности операций осуществляется автоматически. Наиболее известным примером высоко автоматизированной системы является сборочный завод для автомобилей или других сложных продуктов.Автоматизация термин также используется для описания non производственных систем, в которых автоматические устройства могут работать независимо от человеческого контроля. Такие устройства, как автоматические пилотов, АТС оборудования и АСУ ТП, системы используются для выполнения различных операций намного быстрее и лучше, чем могло бы быть сделано людьми.Автоматизированное производство было несколько этапов в своем развитии. Механизация является первым шагом в развитии автоматизации. Упрощение работы позволило проектировать и строить машины, которые походили движений работника. Эти специализированные машины были моторизованные и они лучше эффективность производства.Промышленные роботы, изначально предназначены только для выполнения простых задач в условиях, опасных для человека work¬ers, в настоящее время широко используется для передачи, обработки и положение легких и тяжелых заготовок, выполняя все функции передачи машины.В 1920-х годах автомобильной промышленности впервые используется интегрированная система производства. Этот метод производства был принят большинством производителей автомобилей и стал известен как Детройт автоматизации.The feedback principle is used in all automatic-control mechanisms when machines have ability to correct themselves. The feedback principle has been used for centuries. An outstanding early example is the flyball governor, invented in 1788 by James Watt to control the speed of the steam engine. The common household thermostat is another example of a feedback device.Using feedback devices, machines can start, stop, speed up, slow down, count, inspect, test, compare, and measure. These operations are commonly applied to a wide variety of production operations.Computers have greatly facilitated the use of feedback in manufacturing processes. Computers gave rise to the development of numerically controlled machines. The motions of these machines are controlled by punched paper or magnetic tapes. In numerically controlled machining centres machine tools can perform several different machining operations.More recently, the introduction of microprocessors and computers have made possible the development of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacture (CAD and CAM) technologies. When using these systems a designer draws a part and indicates its dimensions with the help of a mouse, light pen, or other input device. After the drawing has been completed the computer automatically gives the instructions that direct a machining centre to machine the part.Another development using automation are the flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). A computer in FMS can be used to monitor and control the operation of the whole factory.Автоматизация также оказала влияние на области экономики помимо обрабатывающей промышленности. Небольшие компьютеры используются в системах, называемые текстовые процессоры, которые быстро становятся стандартной частью современного офиса. Они используются для редактирования текстов, чтобы вводить буквы и так далее. Автоматизация в промышленностиМногие отрасли высоко автоматизированными или использовать технологию автоматизации в некоторой части их работы. В сообщениях и особенно в телефонной индустрии набора и передачи осуществляются автоматически. Железные дороги также находятся под контролем автоматических сигнальных устройств, которые имеют датчики, обнаруживающие вагонов, передавая определенный момент. Таким образом можно контролировать движение и расположение поездов.Не все отрасли необходимо одинаковой степени автоматизации. Продажи, сельского хозяйства и некоторых отраслей сферы услуг трудно автоматизировать, хотя сельское хозяйство Промышленность может стать более механизировано, особенно в области обработки и упаковки продуктов питания.Технологии автоматизации в производстве и сборке широко используется в автомобиле и других потребительских промышленности.Тем не менее каждая отрасль имеет свою собственную концепцию автоматизации, которая отвечает его потребности производства