History of economic thought Economi

History of economic thought
Economic thought goes back thousands of years. The ancient Greek, Xenophon, used the word oikonomikos (from oikos, meaning family, household, estate, and nomos, for usage, law). He was talking about skilful or clever ways to manage land and households. We could call many of Aristotle's political writings economics, although he did not use the word. The English word economics first appeared in the 19th century -two and a half thousand years after Xenophon.
Early economic thought was all about the meaning of wealth or being rich. These early thinkers asked, 'what makes a state or a country wealthy?' For nearly 2,000 years, the answer was very simple: gold. A country or nation's wealth depended on its owning precious metals. This simple view of the economy remained until medieval times. During medieval times - roughly the period between 1100 and 1500 AD, trading between nations grew, and a new social class appeared. These were merchants, people who made their money through the buying and selling of goods, and they began to write their own thoughts on the economy. They saw the economy as a way to make the state strong. For them, the nation's wealth depended on stocks of gold and the size of the population. More people meant bigger armies and a stronger state. These were still simple ideas. However, daily experience had also taught people many basic economic concepts. For example, they understood the importance of trade with other states. They realised that scarcity makes things more expensive and abundance makes them cheaper. Modern economics was really born in the 19th century. At this time, thinkers like Adam Smith wrote down ideas that are still important today. Adam Smith is often called the Father of Modern Economics, although the science was called political economy then. Smith realised that a nation's wealth depended on its ability to produce goods. The value of these goods depended on the cost of production. The cost of production depended on the cost of workers, raw materials and land. This was really the first example of macroeconomics. Smith and other classical economists were writing at a time of great change. The industrial revolution had begun. Paper money began to replace precious metals. The middle classes were growing stronger. Economists' theories echoed these changes. They wrote about the division of labour (each worker taking their part in the production process). They discussed the problems of population growth. They influenced thinking about social classes. For classical economists, the value of goods depends on the cost of production. However, the price of goods is not always the same as their real cost. Later economists developed new theories to explain this weakness in classical economics. These are known as the neoclassical economists and they were writing at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries. In neoclassical economics, supply and demand make the economy work. In other words, the price of goods depends on how much people want them and how easily they can be found. Consumers want satisfaction from their resources (time and money). Firms want profit. In neoclassical economics, this is the basic relationship in the economy. These ideas are still the basis of economic thinking today.

Результаты (китайский) 1:

经济思想史经济思想可追溯数千年。古希腊，色诺芬，用词 oikonomikos (从 oikos、 意义家庭、 家庭、 房地产和 nomos 的用法，法)。他在谈论娴熟或聪明的方法来管理土地和家庭。我们可以叫许多亚里士多德的政治著作经济学，虽然他没有使用这个词。英语单词经济首次出现在 19 世纪-两个半月后色诺芬的几千年。Early economic thought was all about the meaning of wealth or being rich. These early thinkers asked, 'what makes a state or a country wealthy?' For nearly 2,000 years, the answer was very simple: gold. A country or nation's wealth depended on its owning precious metals. This simple view of the economy remained until medieval times. During medieval times - roughly the period between 1100 and 1500 AD, trading between nations grew, and a new social class appeared. These were merchants, people who made their money through the buying and selling of goods, and they began to write their own thoughts on the economy. They saw the economy as a way to make the state strong. For them, the nation's wealth depended on stocks of gold and the size of the population. More people meant bigger armies and a stronger state. These were still simple ideas. However, daily experience had also taught people many basic economic concepts. For example, they understood the importance of trade with other states. They realised that scarcity makes things more expensive and abundance makes them cheaper. Modern economics was really born in the 19th century. At this time, thinkers like Adam Smith wrote down ideas that are still important today. Adam Smith is often called the Father of Modern Economics, although the science was called political economy then. Smith realised that a nation's wealth depended on its ability to produce goods. The value of these goods depended on the cost of production. The cost of production depended on the cost of workers, raw materials and land. This was really the first example of macroeconomics. Smith and other classical economists were writing at a time of great change. The industrial revolution had begun. Paper money began to replace precious metals. The middle classes were growing stronger. Economists' theories echoed these changes. They wrote about the division of labour (each worker taking their part in the production process). They discussed the problems of population growth. They influenced thinking about social classes. For classical economists, the value of goods depends on the cost of production. However, the price of goods is not always the same as their real cost. Later economists developed new theories to explain this weakness in classical economics. These are known as the neoclassical economists and they were writing at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries. In neoclassical economics, supply and demand make the economy work. In other words, the price of goods depends on how much people want them and how easily they can be found. Consumers want satisfaction from their resources (time and money). Firms want profit. In neoclassical economics, this is the basic relationship in the economy. These ideas are still the basis of economic thinking today.

Результаты (китайский) 2:

经济思想史
经济思想去数千年。古希腊，色诺芬，用这个词oikonomikos（从OIKOS，意为家庭，家居，房产，和NOMOS，为使用，法律）。他说的是娴熟还是巧妙的方式来管理土地和家庭。我们可以调用许多亚里士多德的政治经济学著作中，虽然他没有使用这个词。英语单词经济学最早出现在19世纪-两个和色诺芬。后半千年
早期的经济思想是所有关于财富或富有意义。这些早期思想家问，'什么使一个国家或一个国家富裕？对于近2000年来，答案很简单：黄金。一个国家或民族的财富取决于它拥有的贵重金属。经济的这个简单的观点依然是直到中世纪时代。在中世纪时期-大约1100和公元1500年间，国家间的贸易增长，以及新的社会阶层出现了。这些都是商人，谁的人通过商品的购买和销售取得了他们的钱，他们就开始写一篇关于经济自己的想法。他们看到了经济的方法，使国家强。对他们来说，国家的财富依赖于黄金股票和人口规模。更多的人意味着更大的军队和更强的状态。这些仍然是简单的想法。然而，日常经验也给人们许多基本的经济概念。例如，他们知道与其他国家贸易的重要性。他们意识到稀缺性使事情变得更加昂贵和丰富使他们便宜。现代经济学真的诞生于19世纪。在这个时候，像亚当·斯密的思想家写下想法今天仍然是重要的。亚当·斯密通常被称为现代经济学之父，虽然科学被称为政治经济学则。史密斯认识到，一个国家的财富取决于它生产物品的能力。这些商品的价值取决于生产成本。对工人，原材料和土地的成本生产成本依赖。这是真正的宏观经济学的第一个例子。斯密等古典经济学家写作巨大变化的时期。工业革命开始了。纸币开始取代贵金属。中产阶级是越来越强。经济学家的理论回应这些变化。他们写了关于劳动分工（每个工人采取他们的部分在生产过程中）。他们讨论了人口增长的问题。他们影响了思考的社会阶层。对于古典经济学家，商品的价值取决于生产成本。但是，商品的价格并不总是与它们的实际成本。后来的经济学家制定了新的理论来解释这一弱点，在古典经济学。这些被称为新古典经济学家和他们写在19世纪和20世纪初的结束。在新古典经济学，供给和需求使经济工作。换句话说，商品的价格取决于多少人想如何，以及如何容易，他们可以找到。消费者希望从他们的资源满意度（时间和金钱）。企业要利润。在新古典经济学，这是在经济中的基本关系。这些思想仍然是经济的思维，今天的基础。

Результаты (китайский) 3:

经济思想的历史：经济思想在过去的几千年里。古希腊，色诺芬，用这个词oikonomikos（Oikos，这意味着家庭，家庭，财产，和内在规则，使用，法律）。他说的是熟练的或聪明的办法来管理土地和家庭。我们可以打电话给亚里士多德的许多政治著作，虽然他没有使用这个词。色诺芬的早期经济思想是财富或财富的含义，在第十九个世纪后的半个世纪中，英国人的经济学第一次出现了。这些早期的思想家问，“什么使一个国家或一个国家富裕？”近2000年来，答案很简单：黄金。一个国家或国家的财富取决于其拥有的贵金属。这个简单的经济观点一直保持到中世纪时期。在中世纪时期，大约在公元1500至1100年间，国家间的贸易增长，出现了一个新的社会阶层。这些商人是商人，他们通过买卖商品，赚了钱，他们开始把自己的想法写在经济上。他们认为经济是使国家强大的一种方式。对于他们，国家的财富取决于黄金的股票和人口的大小。更多的人意味着更大的军队和更强大的国家。这些仍然是简单的想法。然而，日常经验也教会了人们许多基本的经济观念。例如，他们明白贸易与其他国家的重要性。他们意识到稀缺使得东西更贵，而且更便宜。现代经济学诞生于第十九世纪。在这个时候，思想家如亚当史密斯写下来的想法，今天仍然是很重要的。亚当史密斯被称为现代经济学之父，虽然科学上被称为政治经济。史密斯先生意识到，一个国家的财富取决于它生产物品的能力。这些货物的价值取决于生产的成本。生产成本取决于工人、原材料和土地的成本。这确实是宏观经济学的第一个例子。斯密等古典经济学家在一伟大的改变时间写作。工业革命开始了。纸币开始取代贵金属。中产阶级正在变得越来越强大。经济学家的理论在这些变化中呼应。他们写了关于劳动分工（每个工人在生产过程中的一部分）。他们讨论了人口增长的问题。他们影响了社会阶层的思考。对古典经济学家，商品的价值取决于生产的成本。然而，商品的价格并不总是与他们的实际成本相同。后来，经济学家们发展出新的理论来解释古典经济学中的这一弱点。这些被称为新古典主义经济学家，他们在第十九年初和第二十世纪初写了一笔。在新古典经济学，供给与需求使经济工作。换句话说，商品的价格取决于人们希望他们的多少，以及他们可以找到多少。消费者想要满足他们的资源（时间和金钱）。公司想要利润。在新古典经济学中，这是经济的基本关系。这些想法仍然是经济思想的基础。