Methods of surgical sterilizationSu

Methods of surgical sterilization
Surgical sterilization depends on both asepsis and antisepsis. Asepsis refers to the exclusion of bacteria from the operative field. Bacteria are prevented from entering the field by three general means:
1) Mechanical means imply ordinary cleanliness by the use of soap, water and scrubbing brush on the walls, floors and ceiling of the operationg - room. The area of the patient's skin about the proposed incision is also mechanically cleansed by careful shaving and washing. The hands of all members of the surgical team are subject to especially vigorous cleansing, particularly of the creviced under the nails and cuticles.
2) Heat is widely used in many ways to destroy bacteria, particularly in the sterilization of dressings, instruments and oilier apparatus used during the operation. It is important to realize that destruction of bacteria by heat, particularly of spores, is due to coagulation of tile bacterial protoplasm. This procedure requires the presence of moisture unless very high temperatures approaching that of an actual flame are used. For this reason wet heat is much more efficient than dry heat; boiling water is much more effective than heated air. Most efficient of all is moist saturated steam which is made to attain a temperature much above that of boiling water by containing the steam in a closed chamber (autoclave) under sufficient pressure. The chief value of the increased pressure is its effect on raising the temperature. Thus, pure steam under a pressure of ten to fifteen pounds will attain a temperature of 115° to 120° C (240° to 248° F). Under such conditions the most resistant pathogenic spores will be destroyed in a very short time.
Another great advantage of moist steam under pressure is its great penetrating power which enables one to sterilize large amounts of dressings, sheets, etc., if too tighly packed. The condensation of the steam as it penetrates the cooler layers of fabric also aids greatly, for a thin film of moisture is thereby deposited and the local temperature increased tremendously due to liberation of heat during condensation.
3) Chemicals are of minor importance, but are useful mostly for purpose of surface sterilization, especially on the skin of the scrubbed hands of the operating team and also on the skin of the area to be incised. Tincture of iodine is probably used more frequently than any other chemical on the patient's skin preparatory to operation.

Результаты (русский) 1:

Методы хирургической стерилизацииХирургическая стерилизация зависит от асептики и антисептики. Асептика относится к исключению бактерий из операционного поля. Бактерии не могут въезжать в поле на три общих средств: 1) механические средства подразумевают обычной чистоты путем использования мыла, воды и очистки кисти на стенах, полы и потолок омывателем - номер. Площадь кожи пациента о предлагаемой разрез также механически очищается путем тщательного бритья и мытья. Руки всех членов хирургической команды могут быть особенно энергичные чистки, особенно creviced под ногти и кутикулы. 2) Heat is widely used in many ways to destroy bacteria, particularly in the sterilization of dressings, instruments and oilier apparatus used during the operation. It is important to realize that destruction of bacteria by heat, particularly of spores, is due to coagulation of tile bacterial protoplasm. This procedure requires the presence of moisture unless very high temperatures approaching that of an actual flame are used. For this reason wet heat is much more efficient than dry heat; boiling water is much more effective than heated air. Most efficient of all is moist saturated steam which is made to attain a temperature much above that of boiling water by containing the steam in a closed chamber (autoclave) under sufficient pressure. The chief value of the increased pressure is its effect on raising the temperature. Thus, pure steam under a pressure of ten to fifteen pounds will attain a temperature of 115° to 120° C (240° to 248° F). Under such conditions the most resistant pathogenic spores will be destroyed in a very short time. Another great advantage of moist steam under pressure is its great penetrating power which enables one to sterilize large amounts of dressings, sheets, etc., if too tighly packed. The condensation of the steam as it penetrates the cooler layers of fabric also aids greatly, for a thin film of moisture is thereby deposited and the local temperature increased tremendously due to liberation of heat during condensation. 3) химические вещества имеют второстепенное значение, но полезны, главным образом для целей поверхностной стерилизации, особенно на коже шероховатый руки операционной команды, а также на коже области, чтобы быть резаная. Настойка йода вероятно используется чаще, чем другие химические на коже пациента в рамках подготовки к операции.