Drawing Drawing consists of pulling

Drawing

Drawing consists of pulling metal through a die. One type is wire drawing. The diameter reduction that can be achieved in one die is limited, but several dies in se­ries can be used to get the desired reduction. Sheet metal forming
Sheet metal forming (штамповка листового металла) is widely used when parts of certain shape and size are needed. It includes forging, bending and shearing. One characteristic of sheet metal forming is that the thick­ness of the sheet changes little in processing. The metal is stretched just beyond its yield point (2 to 4 percent strain) in order to retain the new shape. Bending can be done by pressing between two dies. Shearing is a cutting operation similar to that used for cloth.
Each of these processes may be used alone, but often all three are used on one part. For example, to make the roof of an automobile from a flat sheet, the edges are gripped and the piece pulled in tension over a lower die. Next an upper die is pressed over the top, finishing the forming operation (штамповку), and finally the edges are sheared off to give the final dimensions.

Forging

Forging is the shaping of a piece of metal by pushing with open or closed dies. It is usually done hot in order to reduce the required force and increase the metal's plas­ticity.
Open-die forging is usually done by hammering a part between two flat faces. It is used to make parts that are too big to be formed in a closed die or in cases where only a few parts are to be made. The earliest forging machines lifted a large hammer that was then dropped on the workpiece, but now air or steam hammers are used, since they allow greater control over the force and the rate of forming. The part is shaped by moving or turning it be­tween blows.
Closed-die forging is the shaping of hot metal within the walls of two dies that come together to enclose the workpiece on all sides. The process starts with a rod or bar cut to the length needed to fill the die. Since large, complex shapes and large strains are involved, several dies may be used to go from the initial bar to the final shape. With closed dies, parts can be made to close toler­ances so that little finish machining is required.
Two closed-die forging operations are given special names. They are upsetting and coining. Coining takes its name from the final stage of forming metal coins, where the desired imprint is formed on a metal disk that is pressed in a closed die. Coining involves small strains and is done cold. Upsetting involves a flow of the metal back upon itself. An example of this process is the push­ing of a short length of a rod through a hole, clamping the rod, and then hitting the exposed length with a die to form the head of a nail or bolt.

Результаты (русский) 1:

Рисование Рисунок состоит из потянув металла через плашку. Один тип – чертеж провода. Уменьшение диаметра, которое может быть достигнуто в одном кристалле ограничено, но несколько умирает в серии могут использоваться для получения желаемого сокращения. Листового металлаЛистового металла (штамповка листового металла) широко используется при необходимости части определенной формы и размера. Она включает в себя ковки, гибки и резки. Формирование листового металла является толщина листа изменений мало в обработке. Металл растягивается только за его предел текучести (2 до 4 процентов деформации) для того, чтобы сохранить новую форму. Изгиб можно нажатием между двумя плашками. Стрижка является операция резки, аналогичную той, которая используется для ткани.Каждый из этих процессов могут быть использованы в одиночку, но часто используются все три на одной части. Например чтобы сделать крышу автомобиля из плоского листа, охвативший края и кусок pulled в напряжении ниже умирают. Следующая верхняя умирает нажата поверх, заканчивая формовочный операции (штамповку), и наконец края стриженый, чтобы дать окончательные размеры. Ковка Ковка-это формирование кусок металла, смещая с открытыми или закрытыми умирает. Это обычно делается горячее для того, чтобы уменьшить требуемое усилие и увеличить пластичность металла.Open-die forging is usually done by hammering a part between two flat faces. It is used to make parts that are too big to be formed in a closed die or in cases where only a few parts are to be made. The earliest forging machines lifted a large hammer that was then dropped on the workpiece, but now air or steam hammers are used, since they allow greater control over the force and the rate of forming. The part is shaped by moving or turning it be­tween blows.Closed-die forging is the shaping of hot metal within the walls of two dies that come together to enclose the workpiece on all sides. The process starts with a rod or bar cut to the length needed to fill the die. Since large, complex shapes and large strains are involved, several dies may be used to go from the initial bar to the final shape. With closed dies, parts can be made to close toler­ances so that little finish machining is required.Two closed-die forging operations are given special names. They are upsetting and coining. Coining takes its name from the final stage of forming metal coins, where the desired imprint is formed on a metal disk that is pressed in a closed die. Coining involves small strains and is done cold. Upsetting involves a flow of the metal back upon itself. An example of this process is the push­ing of a short length of a rod through a hole, clamping the rod, and then hitting the exposed length with a die to form the head of a nail or bolt.