The business cycle is the periodic

The business cycle is the periodic but irregular up-and-down movement in economic activity, measured by fluctuations in real gross domestic product (GDP) and other macroeconomic indexes. The financial media generally considers that two consecutive quarters of negative GDP growth indicate a recession. Used as such, the GDP is a quick and simple indicator of economic contractions. However, GDP is reported only on a quarterly basis, while the business cycle is tracked on a monthly basis. So, the following indicators are also used: employment, personal income, and capacity utilization rate.
A business cycle is typically characterized by four phases - expansion, peak, contraction and trough - that repeat themselves over time. Economists note, however, that complete business cycles vary in length. The duration of business cycles can be anywhere from about two to twelve years, with most cycles averaging six years in length. Some business analysts use the business cycle model and terminology to study and explain fluctuations in business inventory and other individual elements of corporate operations. But the term "business cycle" is still primarily associated with larger (industry-wide, regional, national, or even international) business trends.

STAGES OF A BUSINESS CYCLE

Expansion
The expansion phase of the business cycle represents a period of economic growth. This phase includes an increase in the number of jobs available and an increase in the cost of goods. As employers hire new employees, a corresponding increase in earned income enables working consumers to afford items produced by businesses. As demand for their products grows, businesses produce more goods during the expansion stage of the business cycle. During an expansion stage, an economy normally produces a GDP indicating high levels of efficiency.
Peak
The peak stage of the business cycle follows an expansion phase. The peak stage demonstrates the height of the expansion phase. In a peak phase, an economy experiences little or no unemployment. The cost of goods continues to increase, but not as rapidly as in the expansion phase, as production levels satisfy consumers' demand for goods almost exactly. The business cycle's peak stage shows a high GDP during its length. However, an economy's peak stage is normally recognized after it has ended. Only a decrease in GDP distinguishes a peak stage from its predecessor, the expansion phase.
Contraction
The contraction phase of the business cycle represents the opposite of the expansion stage. Employers cause an increase in an economy's unemployment by reducing the number of their employees. As workers lose their jobs, earned income decreases and non-working consumers can no longer afford goods produced by businesses. An economy's GDP will be lower during the business cycle's contraction phase than during the cycle's

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Бизнес-цикла является периодическое но нерегулярные прихваченного движение в экономической деятельности, измеряется колебаниями реального валового внутреннего продукта (ВВП) и других макроэкономических показателей. Финансовые средства массовой информации в целом считает, что два последовательных кварталов отрицательного роста ВВП указывают на спад. Используется как таковой, ВВП является быстрым и простым показателем экономических сокращений. Однако ВВП сообщается только на ежеквартальной основе, в то время как бизнес-цикла отслеживаются на ежемесячной основе. Таким образом, также используются следующие индикаторы: занятость, личный доход и коэффициент использования мощности. Бизнес-цикла, как правило, характеризуются четыре фазы - расширение, пик, сужение и корыта - которые повторяют себя с течением времени. Экономисты отмечают, однако, что полный бизнес-циклов различаются по длине. Продолжительность циклов бизнес может быть от двух до двенадцати лет с большинств циклами среднем шесть лет в длину. Некоторые бизнес-аналитики используют модель бизнес-цикла и терминологии для изучения и объяснить колебания в Бизнес инвентаризации и других отдельных элементов корпоративных операций. Но термин «бизнес-цикла» по-прежнему в первую очередь связано с более крупных (отраслевых, региональных, национальных или даже международных) бизнес-тенденции. ЭТАПЫ БИЗНЕС-ЦИКЛА Расширение The expansion phase of the business cycle represents a period of economic growth. This phase includes an increase in the number of jobs available and an increase in the cost of goods. As employers hire new employees, a corresponding increase in earned income enables working consumers to afford items produced by businesses. As demand for their products grows, businesses produce more goods during the expansion stage of the business cycle. During an expansion stage, an economy normally produces a GDP indicating high levels of efficiency. Peak The peak stage of the business cycle follows an expansion phase. The peak stage demonstrates the height of the expansion phase. In a peak phase, an economy experiences little or no unemployment. The cost of goods continues to increase, but not as rapidly as in the expansion phase, as production levels satisfy consumers' demand for goods almost exactly. The business cycle's peak stage shows a high GDP during its length. However, an economy's peak stage is normally recognized after it has ended. Only a decrease in GDP distinguishes a peak stage from its predecessor, the expansion phase. Contraction The contraction phase of the business cycle represents the opposite of the expansion stage. Employers cause an increase in an economy's unemployment by reducing the number of their employees. As workers lose their jobs, earned income decreases and non-working consumers can no longer afford goods produced by businesses. An economy's GDP will be lower during the business cycle's contraction phase than during the cycle's