Civil service is the body of govern

Civil service is the body of government officials who are
employed in civil occupations that are neither political nor
judicial. In most countries the term refers to employees selected
and promoted on the basis of a merit and a system which may
include examinations.
In earlier times, when civil servants were part of the king’s
household, they were literally the monarch’s personal servants. As
the powers of monarchs and princes declined, appointment
became a matter of personal choice by ministers and heads of
departments.
In Europe in the 19th century, appointment and promotion
frequently depended on personal or political favour, but tenure
was common in the lower and middle ranks once appointment had
been made.
Recruitment in many European countries corresponded to the
national educational systems: the highest class of civil servants
entered service after graduation from a university, the executive
class – after full completion of secondary school, the clerical class11
– after the intermediate school examination. As public
administration became more complex in the 20th century,
specialized categories of civil servants were created to bring into
the service doctors, scientists, architects, naval constructors,
lawyers, and so on.
All countries base appointments on some kind of competition.
In some countries great emphasis is placed on formal written
examinations supplemented by interviews. Such is the situation in
France, where entry into the higher civil service is channeled
through specialist schools. In Great Britain, the Civil Service
Commission relies more on informal tests and a series of
interviews and tends to measure the candidate’s intellectual
competence by the quality of his university degree. The
conventional written examination is dispensed with also in such
European countries as Finland, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and
Portugal.
Most federal countries try to ensure an equitable distribution
of posts among their constituent elements. In Switzerland the
federal authorities try to maintain a balance of posts not only
between the cantons but also between the political parties,
religions, and languages.
There are certain standards which are placed upon a civil
servant’s conduct. As a general rule, a civil servant is not allowed
to engage directly or indirectly in any trade or business and may
engage in social or charitable organizations only if these have no
connection with official duties. There are always strict limits on a
civil servant’s right to lend or borrow money, and they are
prohibited from accepting gifts. There are also different attitudes
about the extent to which civil servants may engage in political
activities. The United Kingdom bans its senior civil servants to
engage in any form of political activity. The prohibition becomes
progressively less strict, however, for the medium and lower
grades of the service.

Результаты (русский) 1:

Civil service is the body of government officials who are employed in civil occupations that are neither political nor judicial. In most countries the term refers to employees selected and promoted on the basis of a merit and a system which may include examinations. In earlier times, when civil servants were part of the king’s household, they were literally the monarch’s personal servants. As the powers of monarchs and princes declined, appointment became a matter of personal choice by ministers and heads of departments. In Europe in the 19th century, appointment and promotion frequently depended on personal or political favour, but tenure was common in the lower and middle ranks once appointment had been made. Recruitment in many European countries corresponded to the national educational systems: the highest class of civil servants entered service after graduation from a university, the executive class – after full completion of secondary school, the clerical class11 – after the intermediate school examination. As public administration became more complex in the 20th century, specialized categories of civil servants were created to bring into the service doctors, scientists, architects, naval constructors, lawyers, and so on. All countries base appointments on some kind of competition. In some countries great emphasis is placed on formal written examinations supplemented by interviews. Such is the situation in France, where entry into the higher civil service is channeled through specialist schools. In Great Britain, the Civil Service Commission relies more on informal tests and a series of interviews and tends to measure the candidate’s intellectual competence by the quality of his university degree. The conventional written examination is dispensed with also in such European countries as Finland, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Portugal. Most federal countries try to ensure an equitable distribution of posts among their constituent elements. In Switzerland the federal authorities try to maintain a balance of posts not only between the cantons but also between the political parties, religions, and languages. There are certain standards which are placed upon a civil servant’s conduct. As a general rule, a civil servant is not allowed to engage directly or indirectly in any trade or business and may engage in social or charitable organizations only if these have no connection with official duties. There are always strict limits on a civil servant’s right to lend or borrow money, and they are prohibited from accepting gifts. There are also different attitudes about the extent to which civil servants may engage in political activities. The United Kingdom bans its senior civil servants to engage in any form of political activity. The prohibition becomes progressively less strict, however, for the medium and lower сорта службы.

Результаты (русский) 3:

гражданская служба является органом, государственных должностных лиц, которые работают в гражданских профессий, которые ", ни политической, ни
судебной.в большинстве стран термин относится к работникам отдельных
и поощрять исходя из заслуг и системой, которая может
включают экзаменов.
в прошлом, когда гражданские служащие являются частью короля
домашних хозяйств,они были в буквальном смысле монарха личной прислуги.как
власть монархов и принцев, сократилось, назначение
стал вопрос личного выбора министрами и главами
департаментов."в европе в 19 веке, назначения и продвижения по службе: зачастую зависит от личных или политических интересах, но жильем
была распространена в низших и средних рядах после назначения были
было.