Air pollution and smog are the prob

Air pollution and smog are the problems of modern cities
The word smog comes from smoke and fog. Smog is a sort of fog with other substances mixed in. Smog has been here a long time. Billions of years ago, volcanoes sent millions of tons of ash and smoke into the air. Winds whipped up dust clouds. Animal and vegetable matter decayed, adding polluting gases.
When people came along, they began to produce their own kind of air pollution. They discovered fire. In the Middle Ages, people in cities such as London used soft coal to heat their homes. The smoke from these fires, combined with moisture in the air, produced dense lavers of smog. The smog would blanket the city for days, particularly in winter. The heat generated in large cities tends to circulate air within a dome-like shape. This traps the smog and holds it over the city.
Smog, and the chemicals and other substances in it, can be harmful, even deadly. Smog blurs vision. It irritates the eyes, the throat, and the lungs. Eyes water, throats get sore, people cough. Smog can make people ill. And it can make sick people sicker. Air pollution has been linked to eczema, asthma, emphysema, cardiovascular difficulties, and lung and stomach cancer. It also has a harmful effect on the environment. Food crops and animals suffer. Paint may peel from houses. It is obvious that we must do everything possible to reduce man-made atmospheric pollutants and smog.
Smog, along with smoke, is the most visible evidence of atmospheric pollution. But some atmospheric pollution is not visible and may not become visible until it is mixed with moisture. Lead compounds from leaded gasoline, hydrocarbons (unburned gasoline), carbon monoxide, and other gases may pollute the air without being seen. All air is polluted to some extent. That is, all air carries some polluting substances. Much of it is natural: smoke and ash from volcanoes, dust stirred up by the wind, compounds given off by growing vegetation, gases given off by rotting animal and vegetable matter, salt particles from the oceans, and so on.
Man adds to these pollutants by burning coal, oil, gas, gasoline, and many other things.
Before we get to the automobile, however, let us review what we know about combustion. Most fuels, such as coal, gasoline, and wood, contain hydrogen and carbon in various chemical combinations. During combustion oxygen unites with the hydrogen and carbon to form water, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide.
In addition, many fuels contain sulfur; this burns to produce sulfur oxides. Also, in the heat of combustion, some of the nitrogen in the air combines with oxygen to form nitrogen oxides. Some of the fuel may not burn completely, so that smoke and ash are formed. Smoke is simply particles of unburned fuel and soot, called particulates, mixed with air.
Altogether, it is estimated that 200 million tons of man-made pollutants enter the air every year in the United States alone. This is about a ton for every man, woman, and child in the country!
This man-made pollution is what clean-air laws are aimed at.
Consider Los Angeles a large city set in basin with about 7,000,000 inhabitants. It is surrounded on three sides by mountains and on the fourth by the Pacific Ocean. When the wind blows out over the ocean, it sweeps away pollutants. But at other times, the air is stagnant. Smoke and other pollutants from industry and automobiles do not blow away. They just build up into a thick, smelly, foggy layer of smog. The location of Los Angeles, plus all the people and industry there, make it one of the biggest “smog centers” in the country. And it is Los Angeles which has led in measures to reduce smog.
Los Angeles has banned unrestricted burning, for example, burning trash. Incinerators without controls were outlawed. Industry was forces to change combustion processes and add controls to reduce pollutants coming from their chimneys. Laws were passed that required the addition of emission controls on automobiles. All these measures have significantly reduced atmospheric pollution in the Los Angeles area.
If not controlled, the automobile can give off pollutants from four places. Pollutants can come from the fuel tank, the carburetor, the crank-case, and the tail pipe. Pollutants fro the fuel tank and carburetor consist of gasoline vapors. Pollutants from the crankcase consist of partly burned air-fuel mixture that has blown by the piston rings. Pollutants from the tail pipe consist of partly burned gasoline, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, and- if there is sulfur in the gasoline – sulfur oxides.

Результаты (русский) 1:

Загрязнение воздуха и смога являются проблемы современных городовСмога слово происходит от дыма и тумана. Смога является своего рода туман с другими веществами, смешанные в. Смог был здесь долгое время. Миллиарды лет назад, вулканы направил миллионы тонн пепла и дыма в воздух. Ветра хлестнул облака пыли. Животные и растительные вещества истлели, добавив загрязняющих газов.Когда люди пришли вместе, они начали производить свой собственный вид загрязнения воздуха. Они открыли огонь. В средние века люди в таких городах как Лондон используется мягкий уголь для отопления своих домов. Дым от этих пожаров, в сочетании с влагой в воздухе, производства плотной lavers смога. Смог бы одеяло города для дней, особенно в зимний период. Тепло, выделяемое в крупных городах, как правило, для циркуляции воздуха внутри купола образную форму. Это ловушки смога и держит его над городом.Смога и химических веществ и других веществ в нем, может быть вредным, даже смертельные. Смога, размывает видение. Это раздражает глаз, горла и легких. Глаза слезятся, горло болеть, люди кашляют. Смога может сделать людей больными. И это может сделать больных людей больными. Загрязнение воздуха связано с экзема, астма, эмфизема легких, сердечно-сосудистые проблемы и рак легких и желудка. Она также имеет вредное воздействие на окружающую среду. Страдают продовольственных культур и животных. Краска может очистить от домов. Очевидно, что мы должны сделать все возможное для уменьшения антропогенных атмосферных загрязнителей и смога.Smog, along with smoke, is the most visible evidence of atmospheric pollution. But some atmospheric pollution is not visible and may not become visible until it is mixed with moisture. Lead compounds from leaded gasoline, hydrocarbons (unburned gasoline), carbon monoxide, and other gases may pollute the air without being seen. All air is polluted to some extent. That is, all air carries some polluting substances. Much of it is natural: smoke and ash from volcanoes, dust stirred up by the wind, compounds given off by growing vegetation, gases given off by rotting animal and vegetable matter, salt particles from the oceans, and so on.Man adds to these pollutants by burning coal, oil, gas, gasoline, and many other things.Before we get to the automobile, however, let us review what we know about combustion. Most fuels, such as coal, gasoline, and wood, contain hydrogen and carbon in various chemical combinations. During combustion oxygen unites with the hydrogen and carbon to form water, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide.In addition, many fuels contain sulfur; this burns to produce sulfur oxides. Also, in the heat of combustion, some of the nitrogen in the air combines with oxygen to form nitrogen oxides. Some of the fuel may not burn completely, so that smoke and ash are formed. Smoke is simply particles of unburned fuel and soot, called particulates, mixed with air.Altogether, it is estimated that 200 million tons of man-made pollutants enter the air every year in the United States alone. This is about a ton for every man, woman, and child in the country!This man-made pollution is what clean-air laws are aimed at.Consider Los Angeles a large city set in basin with about 7,000,000 inhabitants. It is surrounded on three sides by mountains and on the fourth by the Pacific Ocean. When the wind blows out over the ocean, it sweeps away pollutants. But at other times, the air is stagnant. Smoke and other pollutants from industry and automobiles do not blow away. They just build up into a thick, smelly, foggy layer of smog. The location of Los Angeles, plus all the people and industry there, make it one of the biggest “smog centers” in the country. And it is Los Angeles which has led in measures to reduce smog.Los Angeles has banned unrestricted burning, for example, burning trash. Incinerators without controls were outlawed. Industry was forces to change combustion processes and add controls to reduce pollutants coming from their chimneys. Laws were passed that required the addition of emission controls on automobiles. All these measures have significantly reduced atmospheric pollution in the Los Angeles area.If not controlled, the automobile can give off pollutants from four places. Pollutants can come from the fuel tank, the carburetor, the crank-case, and the tail pipe. Pollutants fro the fuel tank and carburetor consist of gasoline vapors. Pollutants from the crankcase consist of partly burned air-fuel mixture that has blown by the piston rings. Pollutants from the tail pipe consist of partly burned gasoline, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, and- if there is sulfur in the gasoline – sulfur oxides.

Результаты (русский) 3:

Загрязнение воздуха и смога находятся проблемы современных городах
слово смога поступает от дыма и тумана. смога является своего рода противотуманные фары с другими веществами в. смога был здесь в течение длительного времени. Миллиарды лет назад, вулканы отправляются миллионы тонн пепла и дыма в воздухе. Ветров даже до облака пыли. Животных и растительных вопрос затухает, добавление загрязняющих газов.
когда люди вместе,Они начали готовить свои собственные рода загрязнения воздуха. Они открыли огонь. В средние века, населения в таких городах, как Лондон используется мягкая угля для нагрева их дома. Дым от этих пожаров, в сочетании с влажность воздуха, плотных подстав ел. В смог бы одеяло в городе в течение нескольких дней, особенно в зимнее время.Тепла в больших городах обычно для циркуляции воздуха в купол. Это улавливает смога и удерживает его на город.
смога, и химических и других веществ в нем, может быть вредной, даже смертельной. смога размывает границы видения. Она раздражает глаза, горло и легкие. Глаза водой, горло потрескивания, люди от кашля. смога сделать плохого. И он может сделать людей более больных.