The History of Computer Development

The History of Computer Development
The rapidly advancing field of electronics led to construction of the first general-purpose electronic computer in 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania. It was Electronic Numerical integrator And Computer or ENIAC, the device contained 18,000 vacuum tubes and had a speed of several hundred multiplications per minute. Its program was wired into the processor and had to be manually altered.
Later transistors appeared. The use of the transistor in computers began in the late 1950s. It marked the advent of smaller, faster elements than it was possible to create with the use of vacuum-tube machines. Because transistors use less power and have a much longer life computers alone were improved a lot. They were called second-generation computers. Components became smaller and the system became less expensive to build.
Modern digital computers are all conceptually similar, regardless of size and shape.Nevertheless they can be divided into several categories on the basis of cost and performace
The first one is the personal computer or microcomputer, a relatively low-cost machine usually of desk-top size. Sometimes they are called laptops. They are small enough to fit in briefcase. Tne second is the workstation, a microcomputer with enhanced graphics and communications capabilities that make it especially useful for office work. And theserver computers. a large expensive machine with the capability of serving the needs of major business enterprises, government departments, scientific research establishments. The largest and fastest of these are called supercomputers.
A digital computer is not actually a single machine, in the sense that most people think of computers. Instead, it is a system composed of five distinct elements: a central processing unit, input devices, memory storage devices, output devices and a communications network, called a «bus» that links all the elements of the system and connects the system itseif to the external world.
Talking about a central processing unit or the heart of computer, I would like to add that there were several generations of microprocessors. The first generation was represented by processing unit Intel 8086. The second generation central processing unit was repressented by processing unit Intel 80286, used in IBM PC AT 286. Intel 80386, used in IBM PC AT 386. represents the third generation. The microprocessors of the fourthgeneration were used in computers IBM PC AT 486. There are also central processing units of the fifth generation, used in Intel Pentium 60 and Intel Pentium 66, central processing units of the sixth generation, used in computers Intel Pentium 75, 90,100 and 133. Few years ago appeared central processing units of seventh and eighth generations.
Computer speeds are measured in gigahertz today. Recently, an optical central proccessing unit has been invented, which is capable of executing trillions discrete operations per second or it is as fast as the speed of light.
Therefore, we are at the threshold of new computer era, when artificial intelligence could be inverted. There are no questions with «if», the only question is «when». Moreover, time will show us computers become either our best friends or our evil enemies as it is shown in some movies.

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История развития компьютерныхБыстро развивающейся области электроники привело к строительству первого электронного компьютера общего назначения в 1946 году в университете Пенсильвании. Электронный цифровой интегратор и компьютер или ENIAC, устройство содержит 18 000 вакуумных трубок и имел скорость нескольких сотен умножений в минуту. Его программа была проводной в процессор и должен быть изменен вручную.Позже транзисторов появились. Использование транзистора в компьютерах началось в конце 1950-х годов. Она ознаменовала появление элементов меньше, быстрее, чем можно создать с использованием вакуумной трубки машины. Поскольку транзисторов используют меньше энергии и имеют гораздо дольше жизнь компьютеры только были улучшены много. Они были вызваны второго поколения компьютеров. Компоненты стали меньше, и система стала менее дорогим, чтобы построить.Современные цифровые компьютеры все концептуально похожи, независимо от размера и формы. Тем не менее их можно разделить на несколько категорий на основе затрат и performaceThe first one is the personal computer or microcomputer, a relatively low-cost machine usually of desk-top size. Sometimes they are called laptops. They are small enough to fit in briefcase. Tne second is the workstation, a microcomputer with enhanced graphics and communications capabilities that make it especially useful for office work. And theserver computers. a large expensive machine with the capability of serving the needs of major business enterprises, government departments, scientific research establishments. The largest and fastest of these are called supercomputers.A digital computer is not actually a single machine, in the sense that most people think of computers. Instead, it is a system composed of five distinct elements: a central processing unit, input devices, memory storage devices, output devices and a communications network, called a «bus» that links all the elements of the system and connects the system itseif to the external world.Talking about a central processing unit or the heart of computer, I would like to add that there were several generations of microprocessors. The first generation was represented by processing unit Intel 8086. The second generation central processing unit was repressented by processing unit Intel 80286, used in IBM PC AT 286. Intel 80386, used in IBM PC AT 386. represents the third generation. The microprocessors of the fourthgeneration were used in computers IBM PC AT 486. There are also central processing units of the fifth generation, used in Intel Pentium 60 and Intel Pentium 66, central processing units of the sixth generation, used in computers Intel Pentium 75, 90,100 and 133. Few years ago appeared central processing units of seventh and eighth generations.Computer speeds are measured in gigahertz today. Recently, an optical central proccessing unit has been invented, which is capable of executing trillions discrete operations per second or it is as fast as the speed of light.Therefore, we are at the threshold of new computer era, when artificial intelligence could be inverted. There are no questions with «if», the only question is «when». Moreover, time will show us computers become either our best friends or our evil enemies as it is shown in some movies.