Text CENERGY RESOURCES SUPPORT INDU

Text C
ENERGY RESOURCES SUPPORT INDUSTRIALIZATION
Muscle power was once the chief source of energy. The muscles of men, women, children, and animals provided the energy needed to plow fields, raise crops, move goods, and manufacture finished products. Today the industrialized countries of the world largely use fuels instead of muscles for energy. To produce the fuels needed, these countries constantly search for energy resources.
Fossil fuels. Today about 95 per cent of all energy generated in the world comes from coal, oil, and natural gas. These materials are fossil fuelsl energy sources formed from the remains of plants and animals that died millions of years ago.
Oil replaced coal in the 1950s as the world's most important energy source. Oil was sometimes called "black gold", because chemists found so many uses for it.0il is more than a major source of energy. It is also a raw material for making plastics, cloth, medicines and thousands of other products|Scientists now believe, however, that more than half of all the world's oil will be used up by lhe year 2050.
As supplies of some energy resources are limited people discover new ones or new ways to use old ones. Many countries want to become less dependent on fossil fuels. These countries are searching for ways to use nuclear energy, hydroelectricity, and solar energy to meet energy needs. Geothermal, wind, and tidal energy also are other alternative energy sources.
Nuclear energy. The chief benefit of nuclear energy is that the electricity it generates is relatively cheap. Because it requires only small amount of uranium, costs per unit of electricity are low.
Nuclear energy has certain negative aspects, howeverLConstruction costs for a nuclear plant are high and a safe way to move and dispose of hazardous wastes from nuclear power plants has not yet been found. What concerns most people about nuclear energy is that nuclear materials are extremely dangerous). A 1979 accident at Pennsylvania's Three Mile Island and a more devastating accident at Chernobyl in the former Soviet Union in 1986 illustrate the potential danger of nuclear energy. In addition, by-products of nuclear energy can be used to make atomic bombs.
Other sources of energy. IHydroelectric plants use the energy of moving water to drive engines that generate electricity. Such plants are costly to build but efficient to run because water is an abundant resource!)
The sun provides an inexpensive and virtually inexhaustible power source. Several devices have been built to use solar energy, but most remain experimental. However some devices to collect the sun's energy have already become common. Various kinds of solar-heated houses have been built, especially in places that have a lot of sunshine. Scientists have made solar cells that change sunlight into a reliable source of electricity. The cells are used on space satellites and even in small calculators.
People have long used energy of the winds. Perhaps the most familiar form of wind power is windmills. The main job of the early windmills was to grind grains. They were also used to pump water. Today different type of windmills is built. Their job is to generate electricity. Wind energy is widely available but is less reliable than other sources. Since winds vary from place to place, windmills are more practical in some areas, although in other places they do not work at all.
Geothermal energy is another option that is getting attention these days. This energy comes from the intense heat that is stored within the earth. Geothermal plants use water and gases heated under the earth's surface to power engines that generate electricity. Geothermal plants are located in Italy, Mexico, Japan, Iceland, Russia and the USA. Like wind energy, geothermal energy is usable in only some parts of the world. The same problem limits the use of tidal energy, which can be harnessed in only a few areas.
Answer the questions:
1. What are the three major fossil fuels?
2. What products might countries lack if there are oil shortages?
3. How do the oil-consuming nations deal with the claim that the world's oil resources will soon be depleted?
4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear energy, hydro-electricity, and solar energy?

TRANSLATION
1. Natural resources are naturally occurring materials that are used to produce goods and services.
2. People use natural resources in many different ways.
3. Energy resources support industrialization.
4. Human innovations help the earth produce more agricultural resources.
5. All places on the earth have advantages and disadvantages for human settlement. A natural resource is a great advantage to a group of people able to use it. Land, soil, and water are examples of natural resources. Other examples include fish, wildlife, vegetation, and minerals. Minerals are inorganic substances found in the earth's crust, such as coal, copper, and iron ore.
6. The use and value placed on the earth's abundant resources are affected by cultural differences, changing technologies, economic factors, and geopolitics. Technological advances have changed the patterns of resource use throughout the world.
7. Some natural resources are renewable — they are replaced naturally and supplies can be used over and over again. Other natural resources are non-renewable — their supplies diminish with use and are not replaced.
8. Both renewable and non-renewable natural resources help people satisfy their needs and wants.
9. Mineral resources are unevenly distributed on the earth. This uneven distribution leads to global interdependence.
10. Energy resources are essential to industrial societies. Coal, oil, and natural gas are non-renewable fossil fuels. Hydroelectricity and solar energy are based on abundant or renewable resources, but each of these alternative energy sources, along with nuclear energy, currently has disadvantages.
11. Industrial societies depend on non-renewable energy sources but are experimenting with other sources such as hydroelectricity, nuclear energy, and solar energy.

COMPLEMENTARY TEXT
MINERAL WATERS. HOT SPRINGS. GEYSERS
Mineral waters. As ground water seeps through the soil and rocks, it dissolves small amounts of mineral matter. In limestone regions, the water is "hard", due to the dissolved lime which it contains. Some waters contain enough iron to make it noticeable to the taste. Sulfur waters have the disagreeable odor of bad eggs. In somewhat rare cases the waters of springs contain a quantity of dissolved salts which have medicinal value; such springs lead to the establishment of hospitals and watering places (health resorts), for example, Spa in Belgium, Bath in England, Karlovy Vary in Czech Republic, Baden in Austria. Besides, Inrge quantities of mineral waters are bottled and sold.
Hot springs. Hot springs or thermal springs are continuos flows of hot water from the ground usually associated with present or former volcanic .ictivity. Such waters are believed to rise from considerable depths — hundreds of meters — where they have been in contact with heated rocks, due possibly to intrusions of lava. In some instances beautiful formations are built around the mouths of the springs as the water cools and deposits its dissolved mineral matter. Few sights in nature are more beautiful than terraces formed by the hot springs. Warm mineral waters are very good for health and relieve aches and pains.
Geysers. In New Zealand, Iceland, the USA and Russia (Kamchatka Peninsula) there are hot springs of an unusual type, known as geysers. Old Faithful geyser in Yellowstone Park is an excellent example. About every 55 minutes, the water in the crater at the mouth of the geyser tube begins to boil violently, deep rumbling sounds are heard in the earth around, and shortly a huge fountain of hot water and steam is hurled high into the air; this continues for several minutes, then stops. The performance is repeated with clocklike regularity hour after hour. There are about 100 geysers in this park, some spouting (erupting) every few minutes, some at regular intervals of hours or days. Besides the geysers there are some 3,000 hot springs in the park. As you walk about in the geyser basins you hear the rumbling of boiling waters under you, and see jets of steam issuing from crevices all around.
Mineral water is spring water containing a high proportion of mineral salts or gases in solution. It consequently may have an action on the human body different from that of ordinary water. As a remedial agent, mineral waters have been used from early times, and were familiar to the ancient Greeks and Romans. They are usually classified as alkaline, saline or iron-containing, sulphurous, acidulous, and arsenical. Many mineral waters are used as table beverages and to dilute spirits or wines. Saline waters are taken for their medicinal effects.
Hot springs and geysers are usually found in areas which have experienced volcanic activity in the fairly recent past. In such areas the ground water may be heated by contact with volcanic magma or volcanic gases.
The water produced by hot springs usually contains larger quantities of dissolved minerals than do ordinary springs, because the solubility of minerals often increases as the temperature rises. The minerals often colour the water various shades of yellow and red. When the hot spring water cools at the surface, the minerals are deposited to create a distinct landform feature.
A geyser is a more spectacular feature than a hot spring, with the temperature of the water rising to as high as 200 °C. A geyser contains a lot of steam under great pressure, and some of this is released when the geyser erupts. Eruptions occur at regular intervals and the amount of water ejected in a single eruption varies from a few litres to hundreds of thousands of litres.
For example, Old Faithful geyser in Yellowstone National Park emits about 50,00 liters of water to an average height of 50 m. Alt

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энергетических ресурсов, поддержки индустриализации
мышечной силы был после того, как главный источник энергии.мышцы, мужчин, женщин, детей и животных в энергию, необходимую для пашем поля, вырастить урожай, продвижения товаров, производство готовой продукции.сегодня промышленно развитых стран мира в значительной степени использования топлива вместо мышц в области энергетики.для производства топлива, необходимых,эти страны постоянно поиск источников энергии.
ископаемого топлива.сегодня, около 95% всей энергии в мире происходит от угля, нефти и природного газа.эти материалы являются ископаемые источники энергии fuelsl сформирована из остатков растений и животных, которые погибли, миллионы лет назад.
нефти вместо угля в 1950 - х годах в качестве наиболее важным источником энергии.нефть иногда называли "черное золото", потому что химики нашли столько использует для it.0il является более важным источником энергии.это также сырье для пластика, одежда, медикаменты и тысячи других продуктов | ученые, однако, считают, что более половины всех мировых запасов нефти, будет использоваться на к 2050 году.