Definitions of EconomicsOne of the

Definitions of Economics

One of the earliest and most famous definitions of economics was that of Thomas Carlyle, who in the early 19th century termed it the "dismal science." According to a much-repeated (but erroneous) story, what Carlyle had noticed was the anti-utopian implications of economics. Many utopians, people who believe that a society of abundance without conflict is possible, believe that good results come from good motives and good motives lead to good results. Economists have always disputed this, and it was to the forceful statement of this disagreement by early economists such as Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo that Carlyle supposedly reacted.1

Another early definition, one which is perhaps more useful, is that of English economist W. Stanley Jevons who, in the late 19th century, wrote that economics was "the mechanics of utility and self interest." One can think of economics as the social science that explores the results of people acting on the basis of self-interest. There is more to man than self-interest, and the other social sciences—such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, and political science--attempt to tell us about those other dimensions of man. As you read further into these pages, you will see that the assumption of self-interest, that a person tries to do the best for himself with what he has, underlies virtually all of economic theory.

At the turn of the century, Alfred Marshall's Principles of Economics was the most influential textbook in economics. Marshall defined economics as

"a study of mankind in the ordinary business of life; it examines that part of individual and social action which is most closely connected with the attainment and with the use of the material requisites of wellbeing. Thus it is on one side a study of wealth; and on the other, and more important side, a part of the study of man."
Many other books of the period included in their definitions something about the "study of exchange and production." Definitions of this sort emphasize that the topics with which economics is most closely identified concern those processes involved in meeting man's material needs. Economists today do not use these definitions because the boundaries of economics have expanded since Marshall. Economists do more than study exchange and production, though exchange remains at the heart of economics.

Most contemporary definitions of economics involve the notions of choice and scarcity. Perhaps the earliest of these is by Lionell Robbins in 1935: "Economics is a science which studies human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses." Virtually all textbooks have definitions that are derived from this definition. Though the exact wording differs from author to author, the standard definition is something like this:

"Economics is the social science that examines how people choose to use limited or scarce resources in attempting to satisfy their unlimited wants.

Результаты (узбекский) 1:

Iqtisodiyot Ta'riflar

iqtisodiyot dastlabki va eng mashhur ta'riflar biri 19-asr boshida uni deb ataladi Tomas Carlyle, deb edi "og'ir fan." Qayta-ko'p (lekin yolg'on) hikoya ko'ra, Carlyle e'tibor qilgan, nima iqtisodiyot anti-utopia ahamiyati edi. Mojaro holda baraka bir jamiyat mumkin, deb ishonaman ko'p ütopyaları, odamlar, yaxshi natijalar yaxshi niyatlar bilan kelgan va yaxshi sabablari yaxshi natijalarga olib kelishi, deb ishonaman. Iqtisodchilar har doim bu tortishding, va u Carlyle go'yoki reacted.1 shunday Tomas Maltus va David Rikardo kabi erta iqtisodchilar tomonidan bu kelishmovchilik bo'lgan kuchli bayonot edi

yana bir erta ta'rifi, ehtimol yanada foydalidir bir, ingliz iqtisodchi Uilyam deb 19-asr oxirida, iqtisodiyot, deb yozgan edi, Stanley Jevons "kommunal va o'zini qiziqtirgan mexanikasi". Bir o'zini-o'zi qiziqtirgan asosida amaldagi odamlar natijalarini ko'rib ijtimoiy fan sifatida iqtisodiyot, deb o'ylayman mumkin. U erda o'z-o'zini qiziqtirgan ortiq inson ko'proq bo'ladi, va boshqa ijtimoiy fanlar-bunday psixologiya, sotsiologiya, antropologiya va siyosiy fan sifatida - insonning o'sha boshqa yo'nalishlari haqida bizga aytib harakat. Agar siz bu sahifalarda yanada o'qib, bir odam u nima bilan o'zi uchun eng yaxshi nima uchun harakat qiladi, deb, o'z-o'zini qiziqtirgan taxmin ko'rasiz, deyarli yotadi iqtisodiy nazariyasi barcha.

, Alfred Marshall ning asrning o'zida Iqtisodiyot asoslari Iqtisodiyot eng nufuzli darslik edi. Marshall sifatida iqtisodiy belgilangan

hayot oddiy biznesda odamlar bir ishda ";. Bu tekshiradi eng yaqin erishish va farovonligini moddiy rekvizitlari foydalanish bilan bog'liq bo'lgan individual va ijtimoiy harakatlar doirasida deb Shunday qilib, bir tomonda bo'ladi a boylik o'rganish;. va boshqa, va ko'proq muhim tomonida, odamning o'rganish bir qismi "
almashish va ishlab chiqarish O'qish davri ko'plab boshqa kitoblar ularning ta'riflari haqida biror narsa, jumladan," ". Ushbu turdagi Ta'riflar mavzular qaysi iqtisodiyot bilan eng yaqin odamning moddiy ehtiyojlarini qondirish bilan shug'ullanadiganlar jarayonlari tashvish belgilangan ta'kidlayman. Iqtisodiyot chegaralari Marshall buyon kengaydi, chunki iqtisodchilar bugungi kunda bu ta'riflar foydalanmang. Birja iqtisodiyot qalbida qoladi-da iqtisodchilar, o'quv almashish va ishlab chiqarish ko'proq.

Iqtisodiyoti eng zamonaviy ta'riflar tanlash va tanqisligi tushunchalar o'z ichiga oladi. Balki bu dastlabki 1935 Lionell Robbins tomonidan: "Iqtisodiyot uchlari va muqobil foydalanish ega noyob vositalari o'rtasidagi munosabatlar, inson xatti o'rganadi bir fan hisoblanadi." Deyarli barcha darsliklar Bu ta'rifga olingan ta'riflar bor. Aniq tahrir muallifi muallifdan farq bo'lsa-da, standart definition bu kabi bir narsadir:

"Iqtisodiyot odamlar o'z cheklanmagan istayotganini darhol qondirish uchun harakat cheklangan yoki noyob resurslardan foydalanish tanlash qanday tekshiradi ijtimoiy fan hisoblanadi.