Chapter8CoffeeDispossessestheForest

Chapter
8
Coffee
Dispossesses
the
Forest
“Consolemonos
com
a
consideração
de
que
a
terra
foi
dada
ao
homem,
que
as
matas
caem
para
estender
o
domínio
da
civilização.”
We
may
console
ourselves
with
the
thought
that
the
earth
was
given
to
man,
that
the
forests
fall
to
extend
the
dominion
of
civilization.
THEODOR
PECKHOLT
(1871)
The
social
policies
mandated
by
the
large
landowners
of
independent,
imperial
Brazil
guaranteed
them
a
work
force
and
title
to
whatever
public
land
they
chose
to
call
their
own.
These
policies
could
not
guarantee,
however,
that
the
employment
of
the
resources
thus
secured
would
generate
capital;
indeed,
this
authoritarian
monopoly
would
in
large
measure
frustrate
their
efficient
utilization.
In
the
interior
were
vast
posses,
inhabited
by
starvelings
and
ruled
over
by
satraps
whose
stock
of
capital
consisted
of
cattle
and
pigs
and
whose
dwellings,
clothing,
and
knowledge
of
the
world
were
nearly
indistinguishable
from
those
of
their
peasants
and
slaves.
Independence
had
not
exorcised
a
critical
colonial
reality:
Capital
to
transform
these
barrens
into
real
wealth
and
power
had
to
come
from
abroad,
through
the
sale
of
goods
that
richer
countries
valued.
Nearly
everything
that
would
be
instrumental
to
that
end
was
to
be
obtained
in
Europe.
From
these
countries,
as
well,
came
the
luxuries
that
signified
status
to
a
fledgling
elite
that
had
for
fifteen
years
observed
at
first
hand
their
consumption
by
its
royal
mentors
and
masters.
Independence
had
improved
the
conditions
under
which
such
transfers
might
be
effected,
because
it
banished
the
yoke
of
mercantilism,
already
shrugged
off
when
the
court
had
transferred
to
Brazil.
The
empire,
indeed,
had
been
forced
by
the
British
government
to
adopt
a
policy
of
free
trade
as
a
price
of
recognition.
Although
this
treaty
lapsed
by
1845
and
higher
tariffs
were
then
increasingly
imposed,
the
government's
eagerness
to
stimulate
exports
never
flagged.
The
imperial
government
desired
to
enlarge
trade
because
nearly
all
of
its
revenue
derived
from
import
duties.
Imports
were
not
only
a
convenient
source
of
taxes,
they
were,
given
the
weakness
of
the
government,
the
only
practical
source.
A
small,
easily
monitored
customs
service
collected
revenues
at
a
few
controllable
points.
Applied
to
foreign
manufacturers
and
merchants,
the
duties
did
not
directly
burden
Brazilian
citizens;
indeed,
they
elicited
greater
loyalty
from
domestic
artisans.
Import
duties,
furthermore,
could
be
levied
in
gold,
thereby
placing
in
the
hands
of
the
empire
the
means
to
meet
payments
on
its
foreign
debt—a
portion
of
the
Portuguese
debt,
in
fact—that
it
had
been
forced
to
assume
by
the
British
as
another
of
the
prices
of
recognition
and
that
it
imprudently
magnified
ever
after.
Foreign
exchange
also
permitted
it
to
import
on
its
own
account
utilities,
such
as
military
equipment,
to
enhance
its
authority.
Thus
the
goals
of
the
landowners—those
at
least
whose
properties
lay
at
some
convenient
distance
from
ports—and
those
of
the
independent
government
coincided.
The
empire,
no
different
from
its
predecessor,
had
taken
it
as
axiomatic
that,
the
demands
of
the
landowners
having
been
satisfied,
they
would
in
return
earn
foreign
exchange
to
cover
the
state's
expenses.

Результаты (русский) 1:

Глава
8
кофе
Dispossesses

лес
«Consolemonos
com

consideração
де
que

Терра
foi
Дада
АО
homem,
que
как
Матас
Кам
пункт
estender
o
domínio
да
civilização.»
Мы
может
консоль
себя
с

думал
что

земли
был
данного
к
человек,
,

леса
осенью
для
продлить

Доминион
из
цивилизации.
ТЕОДОР
PECKHOLT
(1871)

социальной
политики
поручено
,

большой
землевладельцев
из
независимой,
Императорского
Бразилия
процедуру
их

работать
силы
и
название
для
независимо от
общественных
земли
они
выбрал
для
звоните
их
собственных.
Эти
политики
может
не
гарантировать,
однако,
что

занятости
из

ресурсов
таким образом
обеспеченных
будет
генерировать
капитала;
действительно,
это
авторитарного
монополия
будет
в
большой
мера
сорвать
их
эффективной
использования.
в

интерьера
были
подавляющее
отряды,
жилые
,
starvelings
и
правили
over
by
satraps
whose
stock
of
capital
consisted
of
cattle
and
pigs
and
whose
dwellings,
clothing,
and
knowledge
of
the
world
were
nearly
indistinguishable
from
those
of
their
peasants
and
slaves.
Independence
had
not
exorcised
a
critical
colonial
reality:
Capital
to
transform
these
barrens
into
real
wealth
and
power
had
to
come
from
abroad,
through
the
sale
of
goods
that
richer
countries
valued.
Nearly
everything
that
would
be
instrumental
to
that
end
was
to
be
obtained
in
Europe.
From
these
countries,
as
well,
came
the
luxuries
that
signified
status
to
a
fledgling
elite
that
had
for
fifteen
years
observed
at
first
hand
their
consumption
by
its
royal
mentors
and
masters.
Independence
had
improved
the
conditions
under
which
such
transfers
might
be
effected,
because
it
banished
the
yoke
из
меркантилизма,
уже
пожал плечами
off
когда

суд
было
переданы
для
Бразилии.

империи,
действительно,
было
были
вынуждены
,

британской
правительство
для
принять

политики
из
бесплатно
торговли
как

цена
из
признание.
Хотя
это
договор
lapsed
,
1845
и
выше
тарифы
были
затем
чаще
введенных,

правительства
рвение
для
стимулировать
экспортирует
никогда не
флагом.

Императорского
правительство
желаемого
для
увеличить
торговли
потому что
почти
все
из
его
доходов
производных
от
импорта
обязанности.
импорта
были
не
только

удобно
источник
из
налоги,
они
были,
данного

слабость
из

правительство,

только
практических
источник.
A
небольшой,
легко
мониторинг
таможенных
службы
собранные
доходы
в

несколько
контролируемый
очков.
прикладной
к
иностранных
производители
и
купцы,

обязанности
сделал
не
непосредственно
бремя
бразильского
граждан;
действительно,
they
elicited
greater
loyalty
from
domestic
artisans.
Import
duties,
furthermore,
could
be
levied
in
gold,
thereby
placing
in
the
hands
of
the
empire
the
means
to
meet
payments
on
its
foreign
debt—a
portion
of
the
Portuguese
debt,
in
fact—that
it
had
been
forced
to
assume
by
the
British
as
another
of
the
prices
of
recognition
and
that
it
imprudently
magnified
ever
after.
Foreign
exchange
also
permitted
it
to
import
on
its
own
account
utilities,
such
as
military
equipment,
to
enhance
its
authority.
Thus
the
goals
of
the
landowners—those
at
least
whose
properties
lay
at
some
convenient
distance
from
ports—and
those
of
the
independent
government
coincided.
The
empire,
no
different
from
its
predecessor,
had
taken
it
as
axiomatic
that,
the
demands
of
the
landowners
having
been
satisfied,
они
будет
в
вернуться
заработать
иностранных
обмен
к
крышка

государства
расходы.

Результаты (русский) 3:

Chapter
8
Coffee
Dispossesses
the
Forest
“Consolemonos
com
a
consideração
de
que
a
terra
foi
dada
ao
homem,
que
as
matas
caeImperial
brazil
guaranteed
them
a
work
force
and
title
to
whatever
public
land
they
chose
to
call
their
own.
these
policies
coulOver
by
satraps
whose
stock
of
capital
consisted
of
cattle
and
pigs
and
whose
dwellings,
clothing,
and
knowledge
of
the
world
we
NEARLY
EVERYTHING
THAT
WOULD
BE
INSTRUMENTAL
TO
THAT
END
WAS
TO
BE
OBTAINED
IN
EUROPE.
FROM
THESE
COUNTRIES,
AS
WELL,
CAME
THE
Of
mercantilism,
already
shrugged
off
when
the
court
had
transferred
to
brazil.
the
empire,
indeed,
had
been
forced
by
the
britiTrade
because
nearly
all
of
its
revenue
derived
from
import
duties.
imports
were
not
only
a
convenient
source
of
taxes,
they
werThey
elicited
greater
loyalty
from
domestic
artisans.
import
duties,
furthermore,
could
be
levied
in
gold,
thereby
placing
in
thPermitted
it
to
import
on
its
own
account
utilities,
such
as
military
equipment,
to
enhance
its
authority.
thus
the
goals
of
the
Они
бы
в
вернуться
заработать
иностранных
обмен
по
крышку
в
государство's
расходы.