Development of electronics DEVELOPM

Development of electronics DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRO... Electronics is a field of engineering and applied physics dealing with the design and application of electronic circuits. The operation of circuits depends on the flow of electrons for generation, transmission, reception and storage of information. Today it is difficult to imagine our life without electronics. It surrounds us everywhere. Electronic devices are widely used in scientific research and industrial designing, they control the work of plants and power stations, calculate the trajectories of space-ships and help the people discover new phenomena of nature. Automatization of production processes and studies on living organisms became possible due to electronics. The invention of vacuum tubes at the beginning of the 20th century was the starting point of the rapid growth of modern electronics. Vacuum tubes assisted in manipulation of signals. The development of a large variety of tubes designed for specialized functions made possible the progress in radio communication technolbgy before the World War II and in the creation of early computers during and shortly after the war.The transistor invented by American scientists W.Shpckly, J.Bardeen and W.Brattain in 1948 completely replaced the vac-uum tube. The transistor, a small piece of a semiconductor with three electrodes, had great advantages over the best vacuum tubes. It provided the same functions as the vacuum tube but at reduced weight, cost, power consumption, and with high reliability. With the invention of the transistor all essential circuit functions could be carried out inside solid bodies. The aim of creating electronic circuits with entirely solid-state components had finally been realized. Early transistors could respond at a rate of a few million times a second. This was fast enough to serve in radio circuits, but far below the speed needed for highspeed computers or for microwave communication systems. The progress in semiconductor technology led to the development of the integrated circuit (1C), which was discovered due to the efforts of John Kilby in 1958. There appeared a new field of science — integrated electronics. The essence of it is batch processing. Instead of making, testing and assembling deserete components on a chip one at a time, large groupings of these components together with their interconnections were made all at a time. 1C greatly reduced the size of devices, lowered manufacturing costs and at the same time they provided high speed and increased reliability.

Результаты (узбекский) 1:

Elektronika rivojlantirish




elektr RIVOJLANTIRISH ...
Electronics muhandislik va elektron mikrosxemalar dizayn va qo'llash bilan shug'ullanadigan Amaliy fizika dala hisoblanadi. Mikrosxemalar operatsiya chiqarish, uzatish, qabul qilish va axborot saqlash uchun elektronlar oqimi bog'liq.

Bugungi kunda elektronika holda hayotimizni tasavvur qilish qiyin. Bu hamma joyda bizni o'rab. Elektron qurilmalar keng ilmiy tadqiqotlar va sanoat dizayni, ishlatiladigan, ular kosmik-kemalarning traektoriyalar bo'ylab harakatlanishiga hisoblash va odamlar, tabiat, yangi hodisalarni kashf qilishga yordam, o'simliklar va stansiyalar faoliyatini nazorat qiladi. Ishlab chiqarish jarayonlari va tirik organizmlarning ustida tadqiqotlar avtomatlashtirish tufayli elektronika mumkin bo'ldi.

20-asr boshida vakuum quvurlar ixtiro zamonaviy elektronika tez o'sishi boshlang'ich nuqtasi bo'ldi. Chang naychalari signallari manipulyatsiyasi yordam. ixtisoslashgan funktsiyalari uchun mo'ljallangan quvurlar katta turli rivojlanishi Ikkinchi jahon urushidan avval paytida va qisqa urushdan keyin erta kompyuterlar yaratishda radio aloqa technolbgy borishini mumkin qildi.

1948 yilda Amerika olimlari W.Shpckly, J.Bardeen va W.Brattain tomonidan ixtiro tranzistorli butunlay vac-uum naychani o'rniga. tranzistorlar, uch elektrodlar bilan semiconductor kichik bir parcha, eng yaxshi vakuum quvurlar orqali katta foyda bor edi. Bu vakuum kolba, lekin kam og'irlik, iqtisodiy, elektr iste'moli, va yuqori ishonchliligi bilan shu vazifalarni taqdim. tranzistor ijodi bilan barcha muhim elektron vazifalari qattiq organlari ichida amalga oshirilgan bo'lishi mumkin. butunlay qattiq-davlat komponentlari bilan elektr kontaktlarning yaratish maqsadi nihoyat tushunib edi. Erta tranzistor bir necha million marta ikkinchi bir kursi qondirgan. Bu, balki uzoq, yuqori tezlikda yurish kompyuterlar uchun yoki mikroto'lqinli aloqa tizimlari uchun zarur bo'lgan tezlikda quyida, radio mikrosxemalar xizmat qilish uchun etarlicha tez edi.

Integratsiyalashgan elektronika - yarimo'tkazgichlar texnologiyalari sohasidagi taraqqiyot yangi bir fan maydon paydo 1958 yilda Jon Kilby sa'y-harakatlari tufayli topilgan integratsiya davri (1S), rivojlanishiga olib keldi. uning mohiyati ommaviy ishlash hisoblanadi. Buning o'rniga, bir vaqtning o'zida bir jip bir kuni deserete komponentlar, qilish sinash va birlashma, ularning bog'lash bilan bu qismlariga katta guruhlari bir vaqtning o'zida barcha qilingan. 1C katta, qurilmalarning hajmi kamayadi tushirdi ishlab chiqarish xarajatlarini va shu bilan birga, ular yuqori tezlik va yuqori ishonchlilik taqdim.