(1) More and more, the operations o

(1) More and more, the operations of our businesses, governments, and financial institutions are controlled by information that exists only inside computer memories. Anyone clever enough to modify this information for his own purposes can reap substantial re wards. Even worse, a number of people who have done this and been caught at it have managed to get away without punishment.
(2) These facts have not been lost on criminals or would-be criminals. A recent Stanford Research Institute study of computer abuse was based on 160 case histories, which probably are just the proverbial tip of the iceberg. After all, we only know about the unsuccessful crimes. How many successful ones have gone undetected is anybody's guess.
(3) Here are a few areas in which computer criminals have found the pickings all too easy.
(4) Banking. All but the smallest banks now keep their accounts on computer files. Someone who knows how to change the numbers in the files can transfer funds at will. For instance, one programmer was caught having the computer transfer funds from other people's accounts to his wife's checking account. Often, tradition ally trained auditors don't know enough about the workings of computers to catch what is taking place right under their noses.
(5) Business. A company that uses computers extensively offers many opportunities to both dishonest employees and clever outsiders. For instance, a thief can have the computer ship the company's products to addresses of his own choosing. Or he can have it issue checks to him or his confederates for imaginary supplies or ser vices. People have been caught doing both.
(6) Credit Cards. There is a trend toward using cards similar to credit cards to gain access to funds through cash-dispensing terminals. Yet, in the past, organized crime has used stolen or counterfeit credit cards to finance its operations. Banks that offer after-hours or remote banking through cash-dispensing terminals may find themselves unwillingly subsidizing organized crime.
(7) Theft of Information. Much personal information about individuals is now stored in computer files. An unauthorized person with access to this information could use it for blackmail. Also, confidential information about a company's products or operations can be stolen and sold to unscrupulous competitors. (One attempt at the latter came to light when the competitor turned out to be scrupulous and turned in the people who were trying to sell him stolen information.)
(8) Software Theft. The software for a computer system is often more expensive than the hardware. Yet this expensive software is all too easy to copy. Crooked computer experts have devised a variety of tricks for getting these expensive programs printed out, punched on cards, recorded on tape, or otherwise delivered into their hands. This crime has even been perpetrated from remote terminals that access the computer over the telephone.
(9) Theft of Time-Sharing Services. When the public is given access to a system, some members of the public often discover how to use the system in unauthorized ways. For example, there are the "phone freakers" who avoid long distance telephone charges by sending over their phones control signals that are identical to those used by the telephone company.
(10) Since time-sharing systems often are accessible to anyone who dials the right telephone number, they are subject to the same kinds of manipulation.
(11) Of course, most systems use account numbers and passwords to restrict access to authorized users. But unauthorized persons have proved to be adept at obtaining this information and using it for their own benefit. For instance, when a police computer system was demonstrated to a school class, a precocious student noted the access codes being used; later, all the student's teachers turned up on a list of wanted criminals.
(12) Perfect Crimes. It's easy for computer crimes to go undetected if no one checks up on what the computer is doing. But even if the crime is detected, the criminal may walk away not only unpunished but with a glowing recommendation from his former employers.
(13) Of course, we have no statistics on crimes that go undetected. But it's unsettling to note how many of the crimes we do know about were detected by accident, not by systematic audits or other security procedures. The computer criminals who have been caught may have been the victims of uncommonly bad luck.
(14) For example, a certain keypunch operator complained of having to stay overtime to punch extra cards. Investigation revealed that the extra cards she was being asked to punch were for fraudulent transactions. In another case, disgruntled employees of the thief tipped off the company that was being robbed. An undercover narcotics agent stumbled on still another case. An employee was selling the company's merchandise on the side and using the computer to get it shipped to the buyers. While negotiating for LSD, the narcotics agent was offered a good deal on a stereo!
(15) Unlike other embezzlers, who must leave the country, commit suicide, or go to jail, computer criminals sometimes brazen it out, demanding not only that they not be prosecuted but also that they be given good recommendations and perhaps other benefits, such as severance pay. All too often, their demands have been met.
(16) Why? Because company executives are afraid of the bad publicity that would result if the public found out that their computer had been misused. They cringe at the thought of a criminal boasting in open court of how he juggled the most confidential records right under the noses of the company's executives, accountants, and security staff. And so another computer criminal departs with just the recommendations he needs to continue his exploits elsewhere.

Результаты (русский) 1:

(1) все больше и больше, деятельность нашего предприятия, правительства и финансовые учреждения находятся под контролем информацию, которая существует только в памяти компьютера. Кто-нибудь достаточно умны, чтобы изменить эту информацию для его собственных целей может пожинать значительные ре палатах. Хуже того количество людей, которые сделали это и был пойман на него удалось уйти без наказания.(2) эти факты не были потеряны на преступников или потенциальных преступников. Недавнее исследование Стэнфордского исследовательского института злоупотребления компьютера была основана на 160 историй, которые, вероятно, просто провербиальный айсберга. В конце концов мы только знаем о неудачной преступления. Как многие из них успешно прошли незамеченными только догадываться.(3) Вот несколько областей, в которых Компьютерные преступники нашли остатки все слишком легко.(4) банковское дело. Все, за исключением маленьких банков теперь держать их учетные записи на компьютере файлов. Кто знает, как изменить числа в файлы могут переводить средства на волю. Например один программист был пойман, имея компьютер, перевести средства со счетов других людей его жена расчетный счет. Часто традиция союзником Обучение аудиторов не знаю достаточно о рабочих компьютеров, чтобы поймать, что проходит прямо под носом.(5) Business. A company that uses computers extensively offers many opportunities to both dishonest employees and clever outsiders. For instance, a thief can have the computer ship the company's products to addresses of his own choosing. Or he can have it issue checks to him or his confederates for imaginary supplies or ser vices. People have been caught doing both.(6) Credit Cards. There is a trend toward using cards similar to credit cards to gain access to funds through cash-dispensing terminals. Yet, in the past, organized crime has used stolen or counterfeit credit cards to finance its operations. Banks that offer after-hours or remote banking through cash-dispensing terminals may find themselves unwillingly subsidizing organized crime.(7) Theft of Information. Much personal information about individuals is now stored in computer files. An unauthorized person with access to this information could use it for blackmail. Also, confidential information about a company's products or operations can be stolen and sold to unscrupulous competitors. (One attempt at the latter came to light when the competitor turned out to be scrupulous and turned in the people who were trying to sell him stolen information.)(8) Software Theft. The software for a computer system is often more expensive than the hardware. Yet this expensive software is all too easy to copy. Crooked computer experts have devised a variety of tricks for getting these expensive programs printed out, punched on cards, recorded on tape, or otherwise delivered into their hands. This crime has even been perpetrated from remote terminals that access the computer over the telephone.(9) Theft of Time-Sharing Services. When the public is given access to a system, some members of the public often discover how to use the system in unauthorized ways. For example, there are the "phone freakers" who avoid long distance telephone charges by sending over their phones control signals that are identical to those used by the telephone company.(10) Since time-sharing systems often are accessible to anyone who dials the right telephone number, they are subject to the same kinds of manipulation.(11) Of course, most systems use account numbers and passwords to restrict access to authorized users. But unauthorized persons have proved to be adept at obtaining this information and using it for their own benefit. For instance, when a police computer system was demonstrated to a school class, a precocious student noted the access codes being used; later, all the student's teachers turned up on a list of wanted criminals.(12) Perfect Crimes. It's easy for computer crimes to go undetected if no one checks up on what the computer is doing. But even if the crime is detected, the criminal may walk away not only unpunished but with a glowing recommendation from his former employers.(13) Of course, we have no statistics on crimes that go undetected. But it's unsettling to note how many of the crimes we do know about were detected by accident, not by systematic audits or other security procedures. The computer criminals who have been caught may have been the victims of uncommonly bad luck.(14) For example, a certain keypunch operator complained of having to stay overtime to punch extra cards. Investigation revealed that the extra cards she was being asked to punch were for fraudulent transactions. In another case, disgruntled employees of the thief tipped off the company that was being robbed. An undercover narcotics agent stumbled on still another case. An employee was selling the company's merchandise on the side and using the computer to get it shipped to the buyers. While negotiating for LSD, the narcotics agent was offered a good deal on a stereo!(15) Unlike other embezzlers, who must leave the country, commit suicide, or go to jail, computer criminals sometimes brazen it out, demanding not only that they not be prosecuted but also that they be given good recommendations and perhaps other benefits, such as severance pay. All too often, their demands have been met.(16) Why? Because company executives are afraid of the bad publicity that would result if the public found out that their computer had been misused. They cringe at the thought of a criminal boasting in open court of how he juggled the most confidential records right under the noses of the company's executives, accountants, and security staff. And so another computer criminal departs with just the recommendations he needs to continue his exploits elsewhere.

Результаты (русский) 3:

1) Все более и более, и операций из наших предприятий, правительств и финансовых учреждений осуществляется с помощью информации, которая существует только в памяти ЭБУ. Кто-то "умные" для того, чтобы изменить эту информацию для своей собственной цели, можно воспользоваться существенной реорганизации палаты. И, что еще хуже, а число людей, которые это сделали и оказался на его удалось ускользнуть от без наказания.
2) Эти факты не были потеряны на преступников, или будет преступников. В Стэнфордском Исследовательском Институте изучения компьютера злоупотребления наркотиками на основе 160 случае историю, которая, вероятно, только в общеизвестном верхушка айсберга. После того, как все, мы только знаем о неудачных преступлений. Как многие из успешных, остаются незамеченными его угадать.
3) Вот несколько областей, в которых компьютерные преступники нашли в серебряной медалей все слишком легко.
4) банковские операции. Всех, но в самых малых банков сейчас держать их счета в компьютерные файлы. Кому-то, кто знает, как изменить номера в файлы перевода средств. Например, один программист был пойман с компьютера перевод денежных средств от других счетов его жены проверка учетной записи.Зачастую, традиции союзником квалифицированных ревизоров не достаточно информации о работе компьютеров поймать это право в соответствии с их нос.
5) бизнес. Компании, которая использует компьютеры предлагает множество возможностей для обоих нечестными сотрудниками и умным извне. Например, если вор может иметь компьютер доставка продуктов компании для адресов по его выбору.