Railroads were born in England, a c

Railroads were born in England, a country of dense population, short distances, and large financial resources. In England problems were very different from those in America, which in the early 1800s was a country of great distances, sparse population, and limited capital. Americans had to learn to build railroads for their own country by actual experience; they could not copy English methods.In the USA the first railroads were built in mines for carrying stone or coal. In 1804 Oliver Evans (who had built an amphibious steam-powered scow with wheels) declared that he could "make a steam carriage that will run at a speed of 15 miles per hour on good, level railways." As early as 1812 Colonel John Stevens, of Hoboken, N.J., began to speak for a new kind of railway. He wanted one that would provide long-distance transportation, linking distant areas of the country. In 1815 Stevens obtained the first charter to build a railroad across New Jersey, but he was unable to raise the money needed to build it. The first common carrier railroad to be built in the United States was the Baltimore and Ohio. It was chartered in 1827 and construction started on July 4, 1828.The first steam locomotive to run in the United States, the English-built Stourbridge Lion, made a trial trip over the tracks of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company in Pennsylvania in 1829. On the day of a test trip a lot of people came from miles around the small Pennsylvania town to see the first run of the steam locomotive. The engineer2 refused to let anyone ride with him - perhaps because the engine had not been tested before. As the signal to start was given, there was a moment of suspense. Then, slowly, the wheels began to turn. Cheers went up as engineer Allen opened the throttle3 wide and began his historic trip. All along the route, men were waving their hats, small boys were shouting, and women were looking in amazement as the Lion thundered past at the fantastic speed often miles per hour. Who would have believed that anything so big could move so fast without a horse to pull it! But the engine was too heavy for the track and the trip was not repeated.In the summer of 1830 service began on the Baltimore and Ohio line, with horses providing the power. Finally, in December 1830 an American-built locomotive, the Best Friend of Charleston, hauled a train of cars on the tracks of the South Carolina Railroad. The railroad had come to America.Railroads spread rapidly in the eastern and southern United States, with short lines being merged to form through routes. By the mid-1850s, railways linked the Atlantic seaboard and the Midwest. In 1869 the first transcontinental route was completed to the Pacific coast. Railroads became the dominant mode of overland transportation in the last half of the 19th century. Faster and more powerful locomotives and larger freight and passenger cars were built. Standardization of track gauges and the adoption of standard time zones aided efficiency. The invention of air brakes4, automatic signaling, and the automatic coupler5 increased safety. Sleeping cars and dining cars increased passenger comfort and convenience.

Результаты (узбекский) 1:

Temir yo'llari Angliya, zich aholi, qisqa masofalarga va katta moliyaviy resurslar davlatda tug'ilgan. Angliyada muammolar erta 1800 buyuk masofalarga, siyrak aholi va cheklangan kapitali bir mamlakat bo'lgan Amerikada bo'lganlar, juda farq qiladi. Amerikaliklar haqiqiy tajriba o'z mamlakatimiz uchun Build temir o'rganish kerak edi; Ular ingliz usullarini nusxa olmadi.
AQShda birinchi temir yo'llari tosh yoki ko'mir o'tkazish uchun konlarda qurildi. (G'ildirak bilan amphibious bug'-quvvat kichikroq yuk kemasi qurgan) 1804 Oliver Evans yilda u "yaxshi kuni soatiga 15 mil, darajasi temir tezlikda harakatlanadigan bug 'karetasi qilish." Mumkin, deb e'lon As erta Hoboken, NJ 1812 polkovnik Jon Stivens, deb, temir yo'l, yangi turdagi gapira boshladi. U mamlakat uzoq maydonlarni bog'lovchi uzoq masofa transport, ta'minlash, bir istadim. 1815-yilda Stivens Nyu-Jersi bo'ylab temir yo'l yotqizilishi qurish birinchi nizomi olingan, lekin u qurish uchun zarur bo'lgan pul ko'tarib olmadi. Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarida quriladigan birinchi umumiy tashuvchisi temir Baltimor va Ogayo edi. Bu 1827 yilda ustav edi va qurilish 4 iyul, 1828 boshlandi.
Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari, ingliz-qurilgan Stourbridge Leone ishlatish uchun birinchi, bug 'lokomotiv, odamlar ko'p kelgan bir sinov safari kuni 1829. yilda Pensilvaniyada Delaver va Gudzon kanali kompaniyasi yo'llarni ustidan sud safar qildi kichik Pensilvaniya shahar atrofida kilometr Parovoz birinchi ishga tushirish-ko'rishni. Dvigatel oldin, sinov edi, ehtimol, chunki - Mühendis2 u bilan hech kim ride ruxsat bermadi. boshlanishidan signal berilgan qilinganidek, to'htatilgan bir lahza bor edi. So'ngra, asta-sekin, g'ildiraklar navbatida boshladi. muhandis Allen keng throttle3 ochildi va uning tarixiy safar boshladi, deb Cheers ketdi. yo'nalishi bo'ylab barcha erkaklar kichik o'g'il baqirib edi, ularning shapka silkitib edi, va sher fantastik tezlik soatiga tez-tez kilometr da o'tgan momaqaldiroq kabi ayollar hayron qarab turishardi. katta, uni olish uchun otda turib juda tez harakat bo'lishi mumkin, shuning uchun kim hech narsa iymon keltirgan bo'lur edilar! Lekin Dvigatel yo'lda uchun juda og'ir edi va sayohat takrorlandi emas edi.
1830 yilning yozida xizmati otlar kuchini ta'minlash bilan, Baltimor va Ogayo liniyasi kuni boshlangan. Nihoyat, dekabr 1830 amerikalik qurilgan lokomotiv bilan, Charleston Best Friend, Janubiy Karolina temir yoílining yo'llarni avtomobillar bir poezd ketilmoqda. temir yo'l Amerikaga kelgan.
Temir yo'llari qisqa chiziqlar yo'nalishlar orqali birlashtirildi bilan, sharqiy va janubiy Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarida tez tarqaldi. o'rtalarida 1850'lerde tomonidan, temir yo'llar Atlantika Seaboard va Midwest bog'liq. 1869-yilda birinchi transkontinental yo'l Tinch qirg'oq yakunlandi. Temir 19 asrning oxirgi yarmida quruqlikdagi transport dominant rejimi bo'ldi. Tezroq va kuchliroq lokomotivlar va katta yuk va yo'lovchi tashish vagonlarini qurildi. iz o'lchash va standart vaqt zonalari qabul standartlashtirish samaradorligini yordam. havo brakes4, avtomatik signalizatsiya va avtomatik coupler5 ixtiro xavfsizligini ko'paydi. avtomobil Sleeping ovqat va avtomobillar yo'lovchi va konforunuz oshdi.