Topic 2. Historical Overview of Pub

Topic 2. Historical Overview of Public administration
Large-scale administrative organization has existed from early times. The ancient empires of Egypt, Persia, Greece, Rome, China, and later the Holy Roman Empire as well as recent colonial empires of Britain, Spain, Russia, Portugal, and France – they all organized and maintained political rule over wide areas and large populations by the use of quite a sophisticated administrative apparatus and more or less skilled administrative functionaries.
The personal nature of that rule was very great. Everything depended on the emperor. The emperor in turn had to rely on the personal loyalty of his subordinates, who maintained themselves by the personal support from their underlings, down to rank-and file personnel on the fringes of the empire. The emperor carried an enormous work load reading or listening to petitions, policy arguments, judicial claims, appeals for favors, and the like in an attempt to keep the vast imperial machine functioning. It was a system of favoritism and patronage.
In a system based on personal preferment, a change of emperor disrupted the entire arrangements of government. Those who had been in favor might now be out of favor. Weak rulers followed strong rulers, foolish monarchs succeeded wise monarchs – but all were dependent on the army, which supplied the continuity that enabled the empire to endure so long. In the absence of institutional, bureaucratic procedures, government moved from stability to near anarchy and back again.
Modern administrative system is based on objective norms (such as laws, rules and regulations) rather than on favoritism It is a system of offices rather than officers. Loyalty is owed first of all to the state and the administrative organization. Members of the bureaucracy, or large, formal, complex organizations that appeared in the recent times, are chosen for their qualification rather than for their personal connections with powerful persons. When vacancies occur by death, resignation, or for other reasons, new qualified persons are selected according to clearly defined rules. Bureaucracy does not die when its members die.

Результаты (русский) 1:

Тема 2. Исторический обзор государственного управленияКрупномасштабной административной организации существовала с ранних времен. Древние империи Египта, Персии, Греции, Рима, Китая, и позднее Священной Римской империи, а также недавние колониальные империи, Великобритании, Испании, России, Португалии и Франции – они все организовал и поддерживал политические правила более обширные районы и большой численностью населения с помощью довольно сложного административного аппарата и более или менее квалифицированных административных чиновников.Личный характер этого правила было очень здорово. Все зависит от императора. Император, в свою очередь, приходилось полагаться на личной лояльности своих подчиненных, которые ведет себя личную поддержку от своих подчиненных, вплоть до ранга- и файла персонала на периферии империи. Император осуществляется огромную рабочую нагрузку, чтение или прослушивание петиций, политики аргументы, судебных исков, призывы к благосклонности и т.п. в попытке сохранить функционирование обширной имперской машины. Это была система фаворитизма и покровительство.В систему, основанную на личных предъявления смена императора сорвали весь механизмы правительства. Те, кто был в пользу может теперь быть немилость. Слабая правителей за сильные правители, глупо монархов удалось мудрый монархов – но все зависело на армию, которая поставляла преемственности, что позволило империи терпеть так долго. В отсутствие институциональных, бюрократических процедур правительство переехал из стабильности на грани анархии и обратно снова.Modern administrative system is based on objective norms (such as laws, rules and regulations) rather than on favoritism It is a system of offices rather than officers. Loyalty is owed first of all to the state and the administrative organization. Members of the bureaucracy, or large, formal, complex organizations that appeared in the recent times, are chosen for their qualification rather than for their personal connections with powerful persons. When vacancies occur by death, resignation, or for other reasons, new qualified persons are selected according to clearly defined rules. Bureaucracy does not die when its members die.