There are no important official or

There are no important official or legal distinctions between the various types of university in the country. But it is possible to discern a few broad categories

Oxbridge

This name denotes the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, both founded in the medieval period. They are federations of semi-independent colleges, each college having its own staff, known as 'Fellows'. Most colleges have their own dining hall, library and chapel and contain enough accommodation for at least half of their students. The Fellows teach the college students, either one-to-one or in very small groups (known as 'tutorials' in Oxford and 'supervisions' in Cambridge). Oxbridge has the lowest student staff ratio in Britain. Lectures and laboratory work are organized at university level. As well as the college libraries, there are the two university libraries, both of which are legally entitled to a free copy of every book published in Britain. Before 1970 all Oxbridge colleges were single-sex (mostly for men). Now, the majority admit both sexes.

The old Scottish universities

By 1600 Scotland boasted four universities. They were Glasgow, Edinburgh, Aberdeen and St Andrews. The last of these resembles Oxbridge in many ways, while the other three are more like civic universities (see below) in that most of the students live at home or find their own rooms in town. At all of them the pattern of study is closer to the continental tradition than to the English one - there is less specialization than at Oxbridge.

The early nineteenth-century English universities

Durham University was founded in 1832. Its collegiate living arrangements are similar to Oxbridge, but academic matters are organized at university level. The University of London started in 1836 with just two colleges. Many more have joined since, scattered widely around the city, so that each college (most are non-residential) is almost a separate university. The central organization is responsible for little more than exams and the awarding of degrees.

The older civic ('redbrick') universities

During the nineteenth century various institutes of higher education, usually with a technical bias, sprang up in the new industrial towns and cities such as Birmingham, Manchester and Leeds. Their buildings were of local material, often brick, in contrast to the stone of older universities (hence the name, 'redbrick'). They catered only for local people. At first, they prepared students for London University degrees, but later they were given the right to award their own degrees, and so became universities themselves. In the mid twentieth century they started to accept students from all over the country.

The campus universities

These are purpose-built institutions located in the countryside but close to towns. Examples are East Anglia, Lancaster, Sussex and Warwick. They have accommodation for most of their students on site and from their beginning, mostly in the early 1960s, attracted students from all over the country. (Many were known as centres of student protest in the late 1960s and early 1970s.) They tend to emphasize relatively 'new' academic disciplines such as social sciences and to make greater use than other universities of teaching in small groups, often known as 'seminars'.

The newer civic universities

These were originally technical colleges set up by local authorities in the first sixty years of this century. Their upgrading to university status took place in two waves. The first wave occurred in the mid 1960s, when ten of them (e.g. Aston in Birmingham, Salford near Manchester and Strathclyde in Glasgow) were promoted in this way. Then, in the early 1970s, another thirty became 'polytechnics', which meant that as well as continuing with their former courses, they were allowed to teach degree courses (the degrees being awarded by a national body). In the early 1990s most of these (and also some other colleges) became universities. Their most notable feature is flexibility with regard to studying arrangements, including 'sandwich' courses (i.e. studies interrupted by periods of time outside education). They are now all financed by central government.

Результаты (русский) 1:

Существует без важных официального или юридического различия между различными типами университета в стране. Но вполне возможно различить несколько широких категорий Oxbridge Это название обозначает университетов Оксфорда и Кембриджа, оба основана в период средневековья. Они являются федерациями полунезависимых колледжей, каждый колледж имея своих собственных сотрудников, известный как «Собратьев». Большинство колледжей имеют свои собственные, столовая, Библиотека и часовня и содержат достаточно проживание по крайней мере половины своих студентов. Стипендиаты научить студентов колледжа, одному или в малых группах (известный как «уроки» в Оксфорде и «надзор» в Кембридже). Oxbridge имеет низкие сотрудников учащихся в Великобритании. На университетском уровне организуются лекции и лабораторные работы. А также колледж библиотеки есть два университетских библиотек, оба из которых по закону имеют право на бесплатную копию каждой книги, изданной в Великобритании. До 1970 года все Oxbridge колледжи были одного пола (преимущественно для мужчин). В настоящее время большинство признать обоих полов. Старые шотландские университеты По 1600 Шотландии хвастался четырех университетов. Они были, Глазго, Эдинбург, Абердин и Сент-Эндрюс. Последний из них напоминает Oxbridge во многих отношениях, в то время как три другие больше как гражданских университетов (см. ниже), в том, что большинство студентов живут дома или найти свои собственные номера в городе. На все из них структура исследования ближе к континентальной традиции, чем английская язык одно - есть меньше специализация чем в Оксфорд и Кембридж. The early nineteenth-century English universities Durham University was founded in 1832. Its collegiate living arrangements are similar to Oxbridge, but academic matters are organized at university level. The University of London started in 1836 with just two colleges. Many more have joined since, scattered widely around the city, so that each college (most are non-residential) is almost a separate university. The central organization is responsible for little more than exams and the awarding of degrees. The older civic ('redbrick') universities During the nineteenth century various institutes of higher education, usually with a technical bias, sprang up in the new industrial towns and cities such as Birmingham, Manchester and Leeds. Their buildings were of local material, often brick, in contrast to the stone of older universities (hence the name, 'redbrick'). They catered only for local people. At first, they prepared students for London University degrees, but later they were given the right to award their own degrees, and so became universities themselves. In the mid twentieth century they started to accept students from all over the country. The campus universities These are purpose-built institutions located in the countryside but close to towns. Examples are East Anglia, Lancaster, Sussex and Warwick. They have accommodation for most of their students on site and from their beginning, mostly in the early 1960s, attracted students from all over the country. (Many were known as centres of student protest in the late 1960s and early 1970s.) They tend to emphasize relatively 'new' academic disciplines such as social sciences and to make greater use than other universities of teaching in small groups, often known as 'seminars'. The newer civic universities These were originally technical colleges set up by local authorities in the first sixty years of this century. Their upgrading to university status took place in two waves. The first wave occurred in the mid 1960s, when ten of them (e.g. Aston in Birmingham, Salford near Manchester and Strathclyde in Glasgow) were promoted in this way. Then, in the early 1970s, another thirty became 'polytechnics', which meant that as well as continuing with their former courses, they were allowed to teach degree courses (the degrees being awarded by a national body). In the early 1990s most of these (and also some other colleges) became universities. Their most notable feature is flexibility with regard to studying arrangements, including 'sandwich' courses (i.e. studies interrupted by periods of time outside education). They are now all financed by central government.

Результаты (русский) 3:

Нет никаких важных официальных или юридических различий между различными видами университета в стране. Но можно выделить несколько категорий

перепрофилируем

это имя означает "университеты Оксфорда и Кембриджа, как основанная в эпоху средневековья. Они являются федерациями полу-независимых колледжей, у каждого колледжа, его собственных сотрудников, известной под названием "стажеры".Большинство колледжей имеют свои собственные обеденный зал, библиотека, часовня и содержат достаточно места размещения не менее чем на половину своих студентов. Стипендиаты учить студентов, либо один-в-один или в очень малых групп (известных как "обучающие программы" в Оксфорде и 'аварийный сервис' в Кембридже). Перепрофилируем имеет самый низкий учебы сотрудников соотношение в Великобритании. Лекции и лабораторные работы организованы на уровне университета.