Part IPure and applied science, tot

Part I
Pure and applied science, totally different activities, interconnection, to establish relationships, phenomena, the working laws of science, to carry out work, practical affairs, to confine attention to explanation, events.

Exercise 2. State the part of speech of the following words and determine their meaning without using a dictionary.
1. Apply, appliance, applicable, applicator, application.
2. Act, action, active, activity, actor, activist.
3. Differ, difference, different.
4. Connect, connector, connection, connective, connectivity.
5. Relate, relation, relationship, relative, relatively, relativity, relativism, relativist.
6. Practical, practically, practice, practitioner.

PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCE
As students of science you are probably sometimes puzzled by the terms "pure" and "applied" science. Are these two totally different activities, having little or no interconnection? Let us begin by examining what is done by each. Pure science is primarily concerned with the development of theories (or, as they are frequently called, models) establishing relationships between the phenomena of the universe. When sufficiently validated these theories (hypotheses, models) become the working laws or principles of science. In carrying out this work, the pure scientist usually disregards its application to practical affairs, confining his attention to explanations of how and why events occur.

Comprehension check-up.
Task 1. Answer the following questions.
1. What definition of “pure science” does the author give?
2. When does a hypothesis become a principle of science?
3. What problems does the pure scientist deal with?
4. What is your own explanation of “pure science”?

Task 2. Match the synonyms.
1. total a) most important
2. different b) often
3. frequently c) complete
4. primary d) possible
5. probable e) various
f) official
g) evident
Task 3. Choose the correct word to complete the sentences.
1. You are probably sometimes … by the terms “pure” and “applied” science.
a) impressed
b) puzzled
c) inspired

2. Let us begin by … what is done by each.
a) operating
b) confining
c) examining

3. Pure science is primarily … the development of theories establishing relationships.
a) concerned with
b) explained by
c) connected to

4. When sufficiently … these theories become the working laws of science.
a) established
b) validated
c) completed

5. The pure scientist usually … its application to practical affairs.
a) deals with
b) works out
c) disregards

Topics for discussion
1. What can you tell about pure and applied science? Do these two activities really have little or no interconnection?
2. When do different theories become working laws of science?
3. How do you understand the term “pure” scientist?

Text 2
Exercise 1. Read and translate the following words and word combinations.
Exact science, specialized natural science, to provide evidence, pure sense, functional relations, logical systems based on axioms, observations, general laws of matter, subatomic level, structural bonds.

Exercise 2. Make nouns from the following verbs according to the model and
translate them.
Model: verb + -tion(-ation): inform – information.
Invent, locate, relate, operate, connect, specialize, generate, explore, observe.

MATHEMATIZATION OF NATURAL SCIENCES
Exact science in its generally accepted sense can be referred to as a family of specialized natural sciences, each of them providing evidence and information about different aspects of nature by somewhat different working methods. It follows that mathematics in its pure sense does not enter into this frame, its object of study being not nature itself. Being independent of all observations of the outside world, it attempts to build logical systems based on axioms. In other words, it concentrates on formulating the language of mathematical symbols and equations which may be applied to the functional relations found in nature. This "mathematization", in the opinion of most specialists, is witnessed first in physics which deals with general laws of matter and energy on subatomic, atomic and molecular levels. Further application of these mathematical laws and studies is made by chemistry and results in structural bonds between the elements of matter being established.

Comprehension check-up
Task 1. Answer the following questions.
1. What is considered to be “exact science”?
2. How does the author describe “specialized natural sciences”?
3. What is the object of study in mathematics?
4. What laws does physics deal with?
5. What does the application of mathematical laws in chemistry result in?

Task 2. Match the antonyms.
1. general a) artificial
2. different b) dirty
3. exact c) insignificant
4. natural d) similar
5. pure e) approximate
6. evident f) valuable
g) enormous
h) vague

Task 3. Complete the sentences according to the information given in the text.
1. Exact science can be referred to as a family of … .
a) applied sciences
b) specialized natural sciences
c) pure sciences

2. The object of study in mathematics is … .
a) not nature itself
b) nature itself
c) matter itself

3. Mathematics concentrates on formulating the language of … .
a) functional relations
b) different working methods
c) mathematical symbols and equations

4. Physics deals with general laws of … .
a) matter and energy
b) structural bonds between elements
c) logical systems

5. Further application of these studies results in … .
a) different aspects of nature
b) structural bonds between the elements of matter
c) general laws of matter

Маркушевская, Л.П. English for Masters: Учебное пособие / Л.П. Маркушевская, Т.К. Чарская, Н.В. Ермошина, Н.Н. Крашенинникова, С.Е. Калабина. – СПб: СПбГУ ИТМО, 2010. – 206 с.

Результаты (русский) 3:

часть I: теоретической и прикладной науки, совершенно разных мероприятий, взаимосвязи, наладить отношения, явления, работают законы науки, для выполнения работ, практическим вопросам, ограничивать внимание разъяснения событий.

упражнение 2.государства - стороны речи следующие слова и определить их смысл без использования словарь.
1.применять, прибор, применимо, подающее устройство,применение.
2.закон, действий, активных, деятельности, актер, активист.
3.различаются, разница, по - другому.
4.соединение, разъем, связи, соединительной, подключения.
5.относятся, связи, отношения, родственник, относительно, теория относительности, релятивизм, релятивист.
6.практические, практически, практики, практикующего.

теоретической и прикладной науки.как студенты науки вы, вероятно, иногда озадачены термины "чистая" и "применить" науки.это два совершенно разных мероприятий, имеющих мало или нет связи?давайте начнем с рассмотрения то, что делается в каждой.наука - это прежде всего развитие теории (или, как их часто называют,модели) налаживание отношений между явления вселенной.когда достаточно проверить эти теории (гипотезы, модели) стала рабочая законов и принципов науки.в осуществлении этой работы чистого ученого, как правило, игнорирует его применение в отношении практических дел, ограничивая его внимание на пояснения о том, как и почему события.

понимание контроля.
задача 1.ответить на следующие вопросы.
1.то, что определение "наука" не автор?
2.когда же гипотезу, стал принцип науки?
3.какие проблемы у чистого ученого заниматься?
4.каков ваш собственный мотивам "наука"?

задача 2.матч синонимы.
1.в общей сложности а) наиболее важными
2.b) различные, часто
3.часто с) завершить
4.d) возможных
5 первичных.