SOIL CONTAMINATION.HEALTH EFFECTS.C

SOIL CONTAMINATION.
HEALTH EFFECTS.
Contaminated or polluted soil directly affects human health through direct contact with soil or via inhalation of soil contaminants which have vaporized; potentially greater threats are posed by the infiltration of soil contamination into groundwater aquifers used for human consumption, sometimes in areas apparently far removed from any apparent source of above ground contamination.

Health consequences from exposure to soil contamination vary greatly depending on pollutant type, pathway of attack and vulnerability of the exposed pollution. Chronic exposure to chromium, lead and other metals, petroleum, solvents, and many pesticide and herbicide formulations can be carcinogenic, can cause congenital disorders, or can cause other chronic health conditions. Industrial or man-made concentrations of naturally occurring substances, such us nitrate and ammonia associated with livestock manure from agricultural operations, have also been identified as health hazards in soil and groundwater.

Chronic exposure to benzene at sufficient concentrations is known to be associated with higher incidence of leukaemia. Mercury and cyclodienes are known to induce higher incidences of kidney damage, some irreversible. PSBs and cyclodienes are linked to liver toxicity. Organophosphates and carbonates can induce a chain of responses leading to neuromuscular blockage. Many chlorinated solvents induce liver changes, kidney changes and depression of the central nervous system. There is an entire spectrum of further health effects such as headache, nausea, fatigue, eye irritation and skin rash for the above cited and other chemicals. At sufficient dosages a large number of soil contaminants can cause death by exposure via direct contact, inhalation or ingestion of contaminants in groundwater contaminated through soil.

ECOSYSTEM EFFECTS.
Not unexpectedly, soil contaminants can have significant deleterious consequences for ecosystems. There are radical soil chemistry changes which can arise from the presence of many hazardous chemicals even at low concentrations of the contaminants species. These changes can manifest in the alteration of metabolism of endemic microorganisms and arthropods resident in a given soil environment. The results can be virtual eradications of some of the primary food chain, which in turn could have major consequences for predator or consumer species. Even if the chemical effect on lower life forms is small, the lower pyramid levels of the food chain may ingest alien chemicals, which normally become more concentrated for each consuming rung of the food chain. Many of these effects are now well known, such as the concentration of persistent DDT materials for avian consumers, leading to weakening of egg shells, increased chick mortality and potential extinction of species.

Effects occur to agricultural lands which have certain types of soil contamination. Contaminants typically alter plant metabolism, often causing a reduction in crop yields. This has a secondary effect upon soil conservation, since the languishing crops cannot shield the Earth's soil from erosion. Some of these chemical contaminants have long half-lives and in other cases derivative chemicals are formed from decay of primary soil contaminants.

CLEANUP OPTIONS.
Clean up or environmental remediation is analysed by environmental scientists who utilize field measurement of soil chemicals and also apply computer models for analysing transport and fate of soil chemicals. There are several principal strategies for remediation:
- Excavate soil and take it to a disposal site away from ready pathways for human or sensitive ecosystem contact. This technique also applies to dredging of bay muds containing toxins.
- Aeration of soils at the contaminated site (with attendant risk of creating air pollution).
- Thermal remediation by introduction of heat to raise subsurface temperatures sufficiently high to volatiliz chemical contaminants out of the soil for vapour extraction.
- Bioremediation, involving microbial digestion of certain organic chemicals. Techniques used in bioremediation include landfarming, biostimulation and bioaugmentanting soil biota with commercial available microlora.
- Extraction of groundwater or soil vapour with an active electromechanical system, with subsequent stripping of the contaminants from the extract.
- Containment of the soil contaminants (such as by capping or paving over in place).
- Phytoremediation, or using plants (such as willow) to extract heavy metals.

Результаты (русский) 1:

ЗАГРЯЗНЕНИЕ ПОЧВЫ.ПОСЛЕДСТВИЯ ДЛЯ ЗДОРОВЬЯ.Загрязненные или загрязненной почвы напрямую влияет на здоровье человека при непосредственном контакте с почвой или через вдыхание загрязнений почвы, которые испаряется; потенциально более угрозы проникновения загрязнения почвы в подземных вод, используемых для потребления человеком, иногда в районах, по-видимому вдали от любого источника явно выше загрязнения почвы.Последствия для здоровья от воздействия загрязнения почвы сильно различаются в зависимости от типа загрязнителей, пути атаки и уязвимости воздействию загрязнения. Хронического воздействия хрома, свинца и других металлов, нефти, растворителей и многие составы пестицидов и гербицидов может быть канцерогенными, могут стать причиной врожденных расстройств или может вызвать других хронических заболеваний. Промышленных или антропогенных концентраций естественно происходя веществ, такие США нитратов и аммиака, связанные с навоза сельскохозяйственных операций, также были определены в качестве опасности для здоровья в почве и грунтовых вод.Chronic exposure to benzene at sufficient concentrations is known to be associated with higher incidence of leukaemia. Mercury and cyclodienes are known to induce higher incidences of kidney damage, some irreversible. PSBs and cyclodienes are linked to liver toxicity. Organophosphates and carbonates can induce a chain of responses leading to neuromuscular blockage. Many chlorinated solvents induce liver changes, kidney changes and depression of the central nervous system. There is an entire spectrum of further health effects such as headache, nausea, fatigue, eye irritation and skin rash for the above cited and other chemicals. At sufficient dosages a large number of soil contaminants can cause death by exposure via direct contact, inhalation or ingestion of contaminants in groundwater contaminated through soil.ECOSYSTEM EFFECTS.Not unexpectedly, soil contaminants can have significant deleterious consequences for ecosystems. There are radical soil chemistry changes which can arise from the presence of many hazardous chemicals even at low concentrations of the contaminants species. These changes can manifest in the alteration of metabolism of endemic microorganisms and arthropods resident in a given soil environment. The results can be virtual eradications of some of the primary food chain, which in turn could have major consequences for predator or consumer species. Even if the chemical effect on lower life forms is small, the lower pyramid levels of the food chain may ingest alien chemicals, which normally become more concentrated for each consuming rung of the food chain. Many of these effects are now well known, such as the concentration of persistent DDT materials for avian consumers, leading to weakening of egg shells, increased chick mortality and potential extinction of species.Effects occur to agricultural lands which have certain types of soil contamination. Contaminants typically alter plant metabolism, often causing a reduction in crop yields. This has a secondary effect upon soil conservation, since the languishing crops cannot shield the Earth's soil from erosion. Some of these chemical contaminants have long half-lives and in other cases derivative chemicals are formed from decay of primary soil contaminants.CLEANUP OPTIONS.Clean up or environmental remediation is analysed by environmental scientists who utilize field measurement of soil chemicals and also apply computer models for analysing transport and fate of soil chemicals. There are several principal strategies for remediation:- Excavate soil and take it to a disposal site away from ready pathways for human or sensitive ecosystem contact. This technique also applies to dredging of bay muds containing toxins.- Aeration of soils at the contaminated site (with attendant risk of creating air pollution).- Thermal remediation by introduction of heat to raise subsurface temperatures sufficiently high to volatiliz chemical contaminants out of the soil for vapour extraction.- Bioremediation, involving microbial digestion of certain organic chemicals. Techniques used in bioremediation include landfarming, biostimulation and bioaugmentanting soil biota with commercial available microlora.- Extraction of groundwater or soil vapour with an active electromechanical system, with subsequent stripping of the contaminants from the extract.- Containment of the soil contaminants (such as by capping or paving over in place).- Phytoremediation, or using plants (such as willow) to extract heavy metals.

Результаты (русский) 3:

загрязнение почвы.
здоровье.
зараженных или загрязненных почв непосредственно влияет на здоровье человека, посредством прямого контакта с почвой или при вдыхании почвенной загрязняющих веществ, которые не испарялся; потенциально большую угрозу создают проникновения загрязнения почвы в подземных вод, используемых для потребления человеком,иногда в районах, которые, по всей видимости, далеко от каких - либо очевидным источником загрязнения почвы выше.

последствий для здоровья в результате воздействия загрязнения почв значительно различаются в зависимости от типа загрязнителей, путь нападения и уязвимости подвергающихся воздействию загрязнения.хроническое воздействие хрома, свинца и других тяжелых металлов, нефти, растворители,и много пестицидов, гербицидов формулировки можно канцерогенных, может вызвать врожденная патология, или может стать причиной других хронических заболеваний.промышленные или антропогенных концентрации естественных веществ, например, нитратов и аммиака, связанных с навоза от сельскохозяйственной деятельности, также были идентифицированы как для здоровья населения в почву и подземные воды.

хронического воздействия на бензол на достаточной концентрации, как известно, связано с высокие показатели заболеваемости лейкемией.ртуть и cyclodienes, как известно, вызывают больше случаев повреждение почек, некоторые необратимый характер.ово и cyclodienes связаны с токсичность печени.органофосфаты и карбонаты может вызвать цепную реакцию, ведущие к мышечной блокаду.многие хлорированные растворители, побудить изменений печени, почек и депрессии изменения в центральной нервной системе.есть целый спектр новых заболеваний, таких как головная боль, тошнота, слабость, раздражение глаз и сыпь на вышеупомянутых и других химических веществ.на достаточно дозы большое количество загрязняющих веществ может привести к смерти от почвы через непосредственный контакт,