Lesson 7 1. Read and translate the

Lesson 7

1. Read and translate the text

Silicate industry


Silicate industry is the industry processing the natural compounds of silicon . * It embraces the production of cement, glass, and ceramics.
The production of ceramic goods is based on the property of clay when mixed with water to form putty, from which various articles can easily be moulded. When these are dried and then easily moulding baked, that is, ignited at a high temperature, they become hard and retain their shape, no longer being softened by water.
In this way clay, mixed water and sand is moulding into bricks, which are then dried and baked. The materials used to make silicate bricks are white sand and slaked lime.
Cement Production. Cement is made from limestone and clay, or from their natural mixture, marls .The materials roasted in cylindrical rotary kilns are charged into a slowly rotating kiln at its upper end and travel, mixing continuously, towards the lower end, while a current of hot gases, the products of the burning of fuel, flows in the opposite direction. During the period of their movement through the kiln the clay and the limestone react chemically, and the material emerging from the kiln in lumps of a caked ,mass is cement, which then is then grounded.
When cement is mixed with water, it forms mortar, which hardens, binding various objects, such as bricks or stones, very firmly .It is for this reason that cement is used widely as a binding materials in large-scale construction , including underwater construction.
Cement is often mixed with case we get concrete. Concrete has roughly the same coefficient of thermal expansion as iron.
Glass Production . The initial materials for the production of ordinary glass are mainly soda, limestone, and sand. A mixture of these substances is heated in a bath- shaped furnace.
When it cools, the liquid mass of glass* does not become hard at once. At first it becomes viscous and readily assumes any shape. This property of glass is used in making various articles out of it. Definite portions of the cooling similitude mass are taken from the bath, and these are blown or pressed to make various glassware. By machine methods glass sheets, tubes, etc., can be drawn continuously from the molten ,mass.
Sand is the chief material used as a fine aggregate. It is required in mortar or concrete for economy and to prevent the excessive cracking, Mortar made without sand would be expensive.
The word "sand" is applied to any finely divided material which will not injuriously affect the cement or lime and* which is not subject to disintegration or decay. Sand is almost the only material which is sufficiently cheap and which can fulfil these requirements.
A mixture of coarse and fine grains is very satisfactory, as it makes a denser and stronger concrete with a less amount of cement than only fine-grained sand is used.
The following sands are used for mortars pit or quarry sand, river sand and sea sand.
Lime is a calcium oxide . It is used in great quantities for mortar and plaster. Lime ( quicklime) is a white solid that reacts violently with water to form calcium hydroxide. It is made by heating limestone in a special kind of furnace called a " kiln". Lime must be stored in a dry place, otherwise it will absorb moisture.
Limes may be divided into three distinct classes.
1. Rich limes that contain not more than 6 percent of impurities, slake very rapidly and are entirely dependent*on external agents for setting power. These are widely used for interior plaster's works:
2. Poor limes that contain 15 percent to 30 percent of useless impurities and possess the general properties of rich limes, only to a lesser degree:
3. Hydraulic limes that contain certain proportions of impurities, which calcimined, combine with the lime and endow it with the valuable property of setting water or without external agents.
Lime is a basic building material extensively used all over the world, but it was not until the later years of the 19th century that a greater appreciation of the fuel-burning problems involved became apparent. Until this time the requirement for lime was largely agricultural and it was produced ,by farmers by farmers or by small builders who used it for marking mortar and plaster.
As industrial requirements increased "running " kilns were developed. These were lined with firebrick and charged at regular intervals with stone and fuel.
Around the world there are many different types of kilns and variations in lime-burning practice.

Результаты (русский) 1:

Урок 7 1. читать и переводить текст Силикатная промышленность Силикатная промышленность является отраслью, обработки природных соединений кремния. * Она охватывает производство цемента, стекла и керамики.Производство керамических изделий основан на свойства глины при смешивании с водой форму шпаклевки, из которого легко могут быть формованные различных статей. Когда они сушатся и затем легко литье запеченные, именно они воспламеняются при высокой температуре, становятся твердыми и сохраняют свою форму, больше не смягченной водой.Таким образом глины, смешанной воды и песка литье в кирпичи, которые затем сушат и запеченные. Материалы, используемые для силикатного кирпича, белый песок и Известь гашеная.Производство цемента. Цемент производится из известняка и глины, или от их природной смеси, мергели. Материалы, жареные в цилиндрических вращающихся печах начисляются в медленно вращающейся печи на верхнем конце и путешествия, смешивая непрерывно, в конце нижней, а ток горячих газов, продукты горения топлива, течет в обратном направлении. В период их перемещения через печь глины и известняка реагируют химически, и материал, выходящих из печи в куски затвердевшей, масса цемента, который затем, обоснована.Когда цемент смешивают с водой, образует раствор, который затвердевает, привязка различных объектов, таких как кирпичи или камни, очень прочно. Именно по этой причине, что цемент используется широко, как Вяжущие материалы в масштабное строительство, включая подводные конструкции.Цемент часто смешивается с дело, мы получаем бетона. Бетон имеет примерно тот же коэффициент теплового расширения, как железо.Производство стекла. Исходные материалы для производства обычного стекла в основном соды, известняка и песка. Смесь этих веществ нагревается в печи Ванна - формы.Когда он остынет, жидкой массы стекла * не становится трудно сразу. Сначала он становится вязким и легко принимает любую форму. Это свойство стекла используется в изготовления различных изделий из него. Определенные части охлаждения подобия массы взяты из ванной, и они ветром или вынуждены сделать различные стекла. Машины методы стекла листы, трубы и т.д., можно извлечь непрерывно из расплавленного, массы.Песок – главный материал, используемый как прекрасный агрегат. Это требуется в ступке или для экономики и для предотвращения чрезмерного растрескивание бетона, раствора, сделанные без песка будет дорогим.Слово «песка» применяется к любому мелко разделить материал, который не повлияет, хищнически цемента или извести и * которая не подлежит дезинтеграции и распада. Песок является практически единственным материалом, который является достаточно дешевой и который может выполнить эти требования. Смесь зерен грубой и тонкой является весьма удовлетворительным, как это делает плотнее и сильнее бетона с меньшим количеством цемента, чем используется только мелкозернистый песок.Следующие пески используются для минометов яму или карьер песка, речной песок и море песка.Lime is a calcium oxide . It is used in great quantities for mortar and plaster. Lime ( quicklime) is a white solid that reacts violently with water to form calcium hydroxide. It is made by heating limestone in a special kind of furnace called a " kiln". Lime must be stored in a dry place, otherwise it will absorb moisture.Limes may be divided into three distinct classes.1. Rich limes that contain not more than 6 percent of impurities, slake very rapidly and are entirely dependent*on external agents for setting power. These are widely used for interior plaster's works:2. Poor limes that contain 15 percent to 30 percent of useless impurities and possess the general properties of rich limes, only to a lesser degree:3. Hydraulic limes that contain certain proportions of impurities, which calcimined, combine with the lime and endow it with the valuable property of setting water or without external agents.Lime is a basic building material extensively used all over the world, but it was not until the later years of the 19th century that a greater appreciation of the fuel-burning problems involved became apparent. Until this time the requirement for lime was largely agricultural and it was produced ,by farmers by farmers or by small builders who used it for marking mortar and plaster.As industrial requirements increased "running " kilns were developed. These were lined with firebrick and charged at regular intervals with stone and fuel.Around the world there are many different types of kilns and variations in lime-burning practice.