Legislative authority is vested in

Legislative authority is vested in the bicameral Federal Assembly composed of the National Council
(lower chamber) and the Council of States (upper chamber). The two chambers meet jointly to elect
the Federal Council and the Federal Tribunal, as well as the president and vice president of each. The
National Council has 200 members elected to four-year terms according to a proportional representa-
tion formula. Each canton and half-canton is guaranteed one seat, with all other seats apportioned to
the cantons and half-cantons according to population size. The Council of States has 46 members
elected for four-year terms from the cantons and half-cantons according to the rules of each. Both the
National Council and the Council of States can initiate draft legislation, an authority each shares with
the Federal Council and each canton and half-canton. Legislation must pass in identical form in both
chambers before becoming law.
Judicial Authority
Judicial authority is vested primarily in various cantonal courts. There are also two federal courts
elected by the Federal Assembly. The Federal Supreme Court has 30 members elected for six-year
terms. The Federal Supreme Court is the final court of appeal on matters relating to federal law and
rules on conflicts between the central government and the cantons or between the cantons.
Territorial Administration
Each of Switzerland's 26 cantons and half-cantons elects their own assembly and government which
have substantial autonomy over cantonal matters. The cantons and half-cantons are mostly homoge-
nous in terms of linguistic communities and are a key component of the protection of minority rights
within the Swiss federation.
Political System
The Swiss political system less formally employs power-sharing arrangements that promote coopera-
tion between the different linguistic and partisan groups in Switzerland. For example, most official
positions are granted to the linguistic communities based on a proportionality principle. German,
French, Italian and Rhaeto-Romanic (or Romansch) are all official languages in Switzerland.
Government Structure Political Overview
55 Switzerland Review 2014
Referenda and Policy
Switzerland is also noted for the pronounced role of referenda in the political process. Any proposed
constitutional amendment or major international treaty must be approved in a popular referendum.
Major acts of parliament can also be subject to approval in a referendum. The Swiss Constitution also
allows for popular initiatives in which a requisite number of citizens compel the federal parliament or
the cantonal assemblies to consider a piece of legislation and to place it before the public in a referen-
dum. Although this facet of the Swiss political system has given rise to a popular perception that Swit-
zerland is a very democratic country, it should be noted that the right to vote was not extended to
women at the federal level until 1971.
Supplementary sources for this section alone include: International Constitutional Law. 2001. The
Federal Government of Switzerland. 1961. George Arthur Codding, Jr. Boston: Houghton Mifflin
Company; Swiss Democracy: Possible Solutions to Conflict in Multicultural Societies. 1994. Wolf
Linder. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Результаты (русский) 3:

Органом законодательной власти является в двух палатах Федерального собрания состоит из Национального совета
(нижняя палата) и Совета государств (верхняя палата). двух палат встретиться совместно избрать
Федерального совета и федерального Трибунала, а также президент и вице-президент по каждой из них.
Национальный совет состоит из 200 членов, избираемых на четырехлетний срок в соответствии с пропорциональной заявлений
- формулы. Каждый кантон и кантона гарантируется одного сиденья, и все другие места распределяются в
кантонов и кантонов в зависимости от численности населения. Совет государств имеет 46 членов
избираются сроком на четыре года с кантонами и кантонов в соответствии с правилами каждой.Как
Национального совета и совета государств могут инициировать проект законодательства, каждого разделяет с
Федерального совета и каждого кантона и кантона. Законодательство должно пройти в идентичной форме как в
камер прежде чем стать права.
судебного органа
судебного органа возлагается главным образом на различных кантональных судов. Кроме того, имеются два федеральных судов