FROM THE HISTORY OF BUILDINGMany th

FROM THE HISTORY OF BUILDING
Many thousands of years ago there were no houses such as people live in today. In hot countries people sometimes made their homes in the trees and used leaves to protect themselves from rain or sun. In colder countries they dwelt in caves. Later people left their caves and trees and began to build houses out of different materials such as mud, wood or stones.
Later people found out that bricks made of mud and dried in the hot sunshine became almost as hard as stones. In Ancient Egypt especially, people learned to use these sun-dried mud bricks. Some of their buildings are still standing after several thousands of years.
The Ancient Egyptians discovered how to cut stone for building purposes. They erected temples, palaces and huge tombs. The greatest tomb is the stone pyramid of Khufu, king of Egypt. The ancient Egyptians often erected their huge constructions to commemorate their kings or pharaohs.
The ancient Greeks also understood the art of building with cut stone, and their buildings were beautiful as well as useful. They often used pillars partly for supporting the roofs and partly for decoration. Parts of these ancient buildings can still be seen today in Greece.
The Romans were great bridge, harbour and road builders. In road work the Romans widely used timber piles. They also erected aqueducts, reservoirs, water tanks, etc. Some of their constructions are still used till now. It is known that the manufacture of lime is one of the oldest industries used by man. Lime is a basic building material used all over the world as today so in the ancient world. One of the Romans, Marcus Porcius Cato, gave an idea of a kiln for lime production: its shape and dimensions. Such kilns were fired with wood or coal and were extremely inefficient. There are still many remains of kilns in some places of Great Britain as well as roads and the famous Hadrian Wall, which was erected to protect Romans from the celtic tribes in the first century A.D. Britain was a province of the Roman Empire for about four centuries. There are many things today in Britain to remind the people of the Roman: towns, roads, wells and the words.
In a period of 800 to 900 years the Romans developed concrete to the position of the main structural material in the empire. It is surprising, therefore, that after the fall of the Empire, much of the great knowledge should have disappeared so completely. The knowledge of how to make durable concrete has been lost for centuries, but mention was made of it in the writings of architects from time to time.
Fusion of Roman and North European traditions in construction was reflected in many ways. Buildings combined the Roman arch and the steep peaked roof of Northern Europe. Roman traditions were continued in the architectural form known as Romanesque. London Bridge, finished in 1209, took thirty-three years to build. It consisted of nineteen irregular pointed arches with its piers resting on broad foundation, which was designed to withstand the Thames current.
The Roman period was followed by other periods each of which produced its own type of architecture and building materials. During the last hundred years many new methods of building have been discovered. One of the recent discoveries is the usefulness of steel as a building material.
Nowadays when it is necessary to have a very tall building, the frame of it is first built in steel and then the building is completed in concrete. Concrete is an artificial kind of stone, much cheaper than brick or natural stone and much stronger than they are. The Egyptians employed it in the construction of bridges, roads and town walls. There are evidences than ancient Greeks also used concrete for the building purposes. The use of concrete by the ancient Romans can be traced back as far as 500 B.C. They were the first to use it throughout the ancient Roman Empire on a pretty large scale and many structures made of concrete remain till nowadays thus proving the long life of buildings made of concrete. Of course, it was not the concrete people use today. It consisted of mud, clay and pure lime, which were used to hold together the roughly broken stone in foundations and walls. It was so-called “pseudo-concrete”. The idea of such building material might have been borrowed from the ancient Greeks as some samples of it were found in the ruins of Pompeii.

Результаты (украинский) 1:

З ІСТОРІЇ БУДІВНИЦТВАБагато тисяч років тому не було ніяких будинків, таких, як люди сьогодні живемо. У Жарких країн люди іноді зробив свої будинки на деревах і використовуються листя захиститися від дощу чи сонця. У країнах холодніше вони перебували в печери. Потім люди залишили свої печери і дерев і почав будувати будинки з різних матеріалів, таких як бруд, дерево або камені.Потім люди з'ясував, що цегли з бруду і сушать у гарячим сонцем стали майже так складно, як камені. У Стародавньому Єгипті особливо, люди навчилися користуватися цими висушеними цегли. Деякі з їх будинки як і раніше, стоїть після кілька тисяч років.Стародавні єгиптяни виявив, як можна вирізати камінь для будівельних цілей. Вони зведено храми, палаців і величезний гробниці. Найбільший гробниця є кам'яні піраміда Хеопса, король Єгипту. Стародавні єгиптяни часто зводять їх величезні конструкцій з нагоди королів або фараонів.Стародавні греки також зрозумів мистецтва будівлі з тесаного каменю, і їхні будинки були красиві, а також корисні. Вони часто використовують стовпів, частково, для підтримки дахів і частково для прикраси. Частини цих старовинні будівлі все ще можна побачити сьогодні в Греції.The Romans were great bridge, harbour and road builders. In road work the Romans widely used timber piles. They also erected aqueducts, reservoirs, water tanks, etc. Some of their constructions are still used till now. It is known that the manufacture of lime is one of the oldest industries used by man. Lime is a basic building material used all over the world as today so in the ancient world. One of the Romans, Marcus Porcius Cato, gave an idea of a kiln for lime production: its shape and dimensions. Such kilns were fired with wood or coal and were extremely inefficient. There are still many remains of kilns in some places of Great Britain as well as roads and the famous Hadrian Wall, which was erected to protect Romans from the celtic tribes in the first century A.D. Britain was a province of the Roman Empire for about four centuries. There are many things today in Britain to remind the people of the Roman: towns, roads, wells and the words. In a period of 800 to 900 years the Romans developed concrete to the position of the main structural material in the empire. It is surprising, therefore, that after the fall of the Empire, much of the great knowledge should have disappeared so completely. The knowledge of how to make durable concrete has been lost for centuries, but mention was made of it in the writings of architects from time to time.Fusion Роман і півночі європейської традиції в будівництві було відображено у багатьох відношеннях. Будівель в поєднанні римських арки і крутий гостроверхі дахи Північної Європи. Римської традиції були продовжував в архітектурних форм, відомих як романського. Лондонський міст, закінчили в 1209, узяв тридцять три роки, щоб побудувати. Він складався з дев'ятнадцять нерегулярні загострених арки з її простінки спирається на широкі фонд, який був розроблений, щоб витримати Темза струму.Римського періоду послідували інші періоди, кожна з яких виробляється власний тип архітектури та будівельних матеріалів. За останні сто років виявили багато нових методів будівництва. Один з останніх відкриттів, корисність сталі як будівельний матеріал.Nowadays when it is necessary to have a very tall building, the frame of it is first built in steel and then the building is completed in concrete. Concrete is an artificial kind of stone, much cheaper than brick or natural stone and much stronger than they are. The Egyptians employed it in the construction of bridges, roads and town walls. There are evidences than ancient Greeks also used concrete for the building purposes. The use of concrete by the ancient Romans can be traced back as far as 500 B.C. They were the first to use it throughout the ancient Roman Empire on a pretty large scale and many structures made of concrete remain till nowadays thus proving the long life of buildings made of concrete. Of course, it was not the concrete people use today. It consisted of mud, clay and pure lime, which were used to hold together the roughly broken stone in foundations and walls. It was so-called “pseudo-concrete”. The idea of such building material might have been borrowed from the ancient Greeks as some samples of it were found in the ruins of Pompeii.

Результаты (украинский) 3:

FПізніше%20людей%20знайшли%20з 20%,%20цегли%20зробив%20з 20% грязі%20а%20сушених%20в 20-20-20, 20 гарячої%20sunshine%20став%20майже%20а%20жорсткий%20а%20камінням.%20в 20-20%стародавніх 20Єгипет%20особливо%20людей%20дізналися%20до 20% використання%20ці%20сушений%20грязі%20цегли.%20деякі%20з 20% їх%20будівель%20є%20все-таки%20стоячи%20після%20кілька%20тис.%20з%20 років.%5 EThe%20стародавніх%20Єгиптян%20виявили%20як%20до 20% скорочення%20камінь%20для%20будівлі%20цілях.%20вони%20зведений%20храми,%20палаци%20а%20величезні%20усипальниць.%20В%20найбільших%20могили%20є%20в%20камінь%20піраміди%20з 20% Khufu,%20король%20з 20% Єгипту.%20В%20стародавніх%20Єгиптян%20часто%20зведений%20їх%20величезні%20конструкцій%20до 20% вшанування 20-20%їх 20 королів%20або%20фараонів.%5 EThe%20стародавніх%20Греків%20й%20зрозумів%20в%20мистецтва%20з 20% будівельних%20з%20порізати%20камінь,%20а%20їх%20будівель%20були%20красиві%20а%20а%20а%20корисним.%20вони%20часто%20використовується%20 колон%20частково%20для%20підтримка%20в%20дахів%20а%20частково%20для%20декору.%20частини%20з 20% цих%20стародавніх%20будівель%20може%20все-таки%20бути%20бачили%20сьогодні%20в 20-20 Греція.%5 EThe%20Римляни%20були%20великої%20міст,%20гавань%20а%20дороги%20будівельників.%20в 20-20%дороги 20Праця%20в%20Римляни%20широко%20використовується%20бруса%20паль.%20вони%20й%20зведений%20aqueducts,%20водойм,%20води%20резервуарів, 20% тощо.%20деякі%20з 20% їх%20конструкцій%20є%20все-таки%20використовується%20по 20%зараз.%20його%20є%20відомі%20,%20в%20виробництво%20з 20% лайма%20є%20один%20з 20% до 20% найстаршої%20галузей%20використовується%20за 20% чоловіка.