FOUR GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERSThe fi

FOUR GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS

The first vacuum tubes computers are referred to as first

generation computers, and the approximate period of their use

was from 1950 to 1959. UNIVAC 1 (UNIVersal Automatic Com-'

puter) is an example of these computers which could perform

thousands of calculations per second. Those devices were not only

bulky, they were also unreliable. The thousands of vacuum tubes

emitted large amounts of heat and burned out frequently.

The transistor, a smaller and more reliable successor to the

vacuum tube, was invented in 1948. So-called second genera-tion

computers, which used large numbers of transistors were able to

reduce computational time from milliseconds to microsec-onds, or

millionths of seconds. Second-generation computers were smaller,

faster and more reliable than first-generation com-puters.

Advances in electronics technology continued, and micro-
electronics made it possible to reduce the size of transistors and

integrate large numbers of circuit elements into very small chips

of silicon. The computers that were designed to use integrated

circuit technology were called third generation computers, and

the approximate time span of these machines was from 1960 to

1979. They could perform many data processing operations in

nanoseconds, which are billionths of seconds.

Fourth generation computers have now arrived, and the

inte-grated circuits that are being developed have been greatly re-
duced in size. This is due to microminiaturization, which means

that the circuits are much smaller than before; as many as 100

tiny circuits are placed now on a single chip. A chip is a square

or rectangular piece of silicon, usually from 1/10 to 1/4 inch,

upon which several layers of an integrated circuit are etched or

imprinted, after which the circuit is encapsulated in plastic or

metal.

Результаты (русский) 1:

FOUR GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERSThe first vacuum tubes computers are referred to as first generation computers, and the approximate period of their use was from 1950 to 1959. UNIVAC 1 (UNIVersal Automatic Com-' puter) is an example of these computers which could perform thousands of calculations per second. Those devices were not only bulky, they were also unreliable. The thousands of vacuum tubes emitted large amounts of heat and burned out frequently.The transistor, a smaller and more reliable successor to the vacuum tube, was invented in 1948. So-called second genera-tion computers, which used large numbers of transistors were able to reduce computational time from milliseconds to microsec-onds, or millionths of seconds. Second-generation computers were smaller, faster and more reliable than first-generation com-puters.Advances in electronics technology continued, and micro-electronics made it possible to reduce the size of transistors and integrate large numbers of circuit elements into very small chips of silicon. The computers that were designed to use integrated circuit technology were called third generation computers, and the approximate time span of these machines was from 1960 to 1979. They could perform many data processing operations in nanoseconds, which are billionths of seconds.Fourth generation computers have now arrived, and the inte-grated circuits that are being developed have been greatly re-представил в размер. Это объясняется microminiaturization, что означает что цепи гораздо меньше, чем раньше; как много как 100 крошечные схемы теперь размещаются на одном чипе. Чип представляет собой квадрат или прямоугольный кусок кремния, обычно от 1/10 до 1/4 дюйма, После которая травленная несколько слоев интегральной схемы или типография, после которой цепь инкапсулируется в пластик или металла.