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The earliest books were written on

The earliest books were written on tablets of wood or pieces of bark. In Greeceand Rome, the tablets of wood


were covered with wax, and writing was impressed upon them with a small stick called “stylus”. These tablets were held together on one side with thin strips of leather or metal rings. In Assyria and Babyloniaclay tablets were used for writing and the words were drawn with a piece of wood. After baking, the tablets were kept on shelves, just like books are kept today. Although the clay tablets didn’t look very beautiful, they were long-lasting and some of them survived until the present day. The earliest books of the ancient world were written on papyrus and skins of young animals. These books took the form of a long strip, rolled from one cylinder to another. These writings were known to the Romans as volumen from which comes the word volume. Though paper has been known inChina since the first century, the secret of papermaking came toEurope much later.
Books were quite common in ancientRome: we know that there were many booksellers and the first public library was founded there about 39 B. C. Only the rich could buy books or make their slaves copy books from important libraries. By the time of the Middle Ages all books were handwriting and often beautifully decorated. Libraries used to chain books to the shelves so that they could not be removed from the building. But very few people could read them. The invention of printing was a really great event in history. The first people to invent printing were the Chinese. InEuropethere were several people who can be called inventors of printing. The best-known is Johann Gutenberg fromGermany.

Printing spread quickly over Europeand by the end of the 15th century there were more than 200 presses. The early printers were not only craftsmen, but also editors, publishers and booksellers. The first printing press inEngland was set up by William Caxton atWestminster in 1476, and the first printing press inRussia – by Ivan Fedorov inMoscow in 1564. Printed books soon reached a very high standard and the craftsmen were rightfully proud of their work. Eventually there were more and more people inEurope who could read and they wanted more and more books. That led to opening more libraries.

Early libraries were used only by scientists and were few. By end by they grew in number and began to be used by the public. The 19th century saw the appearance of a proper system of public libraries. Now most countries have their own national libraries. Many old university libraries have rich collections of books: Oxford and Cambridge in England, Harvard and Yale in the United States. Among the great libraries of the world we can name the British Museum Library (The British Library) in London, the Library of Congress in the United States, Bibliotheque Nationale in France, the Beijing Library in China , the State Public Library in Moscow. The world’s largest is the US library of Congress. It holds about 90 million items – books and manuscripts. The library was founded in 1800 in Washington, DC for the use of Congress and later became a public library. Bibliotheque Nationale dates back to the 17th century and the British Museum Library was set in the 18th century. The State Public Library inMoscow was founded in 1862 and has unique collections of books.

Modern libraries do their best to help people get information as quickly as possible. They use computers and electronic catalogues. Probably the most difficult problem for any library is to keep their books, journals and films. How they do it is a new story.
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The earliest books were written on tablets of wood or pieces of bark. In Greeceand Rome, the tablets of woodwere covered with wax, and writing was impressed upon them with a small stick called “stylus”. These tablets were held together on one side with thin strips of leather or metal rings. In Assyria and Babyloniaclay tablets were used for writing and the words were drawn with a piece of wood. After baking, the tablets were kept on shelves, just like books are kept today. Although the clay tablets didn’t look very beautiful, they were long-lasting and some of them survived until the present day. The earliest books of the ancient world were written on papyrus and skins of young animals. These books took the form of a long strip, rolled from one cylinder to another. These writings were known to the Romans as volumen from which comes the word volume. Though paper has been known inChina since the first century, the secret of papermaking came toEurope much later.Books were quite common in ancientRome: we know that there were many booksellers and the first public library was founded there about 39 B. C. Only the rich could buy books or make their slaves copy books from important libraries. By the time of the Middle Ages all books were handwriting and often beautifully decorated. Libraries used to chain books to the shelves so that they could not be removed from the building. But very few people could read them. The invention of printing was a really great event in history. The first people to invent printing were the Chinese. InEuropethere were several people who can be called inventors of printing. The best-known is Johann Gutenberg fromGermany.Printing spread quickly over Europeand by the end of the 15th century there were more than 200 presses. The early printers were not only craftsmen, but also editors, publishers and booksellers. The first printing press inEngland was set up by William Caxton atWestminster in 1476, and the first printing press inRussia – by Ivan Fedorov inMoscow in 1564. Printed books soon reached a very high standard and the craftsmen were rightfully proud of their work. Eventually there were more and more people inEurope who could read and they wanted more and more books. That led to opening more libraries.Early libraries were used only by scientists and were few. By end by they grew in number and began to be used by the public. The 19th century saw the appearance of a proper system of public libraries. Now most countries have their own national libraries. Many old university libraries have rich collections of books: Oxford and Cambridge in England, Harvard and Yale in the United States. Among the great libraries of the world we can name the British Museum Library (The British Library) in London, the Library of Congress in the United States, Bibliotheque Nationale in France, the Beijing Library in China , the State Public Library in Moscow. The world’s largest is the US library of Congress. It holds about 90 million items – books and manuscripts. The library was founded in 1800 in Washington, DC for the use of Congress and later became a public library. Bibliotheque Nationale dates back to the 17th century and the British Museum Library was set in the 18th century. The State Public Library inMoscow was founded in 1862 and has unique collections of books.Modern libraries do their best to help people get information as quickly as possible. They use computers and electronic catalogues. Probably the most difficult problem for any library is to keep their books, journals and films. How they do it is a new story.
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Первые книги были написаны на скрижалях древесины или кусочками коры. В Greeceand Риме, таблетки дерева были покрыты воском, а запись была поражена на них с палочкой под названием "Перо". Эти таблетки были скреплены с одной стороны с тонкими полосками из кожи или металлических колец. В Ассирии и Babyloniaclay таблеток были использованы для написания и слова были взяты с куском дерева. После обжига таблетки выдерживали на полках, как книги хранятся сегодня. Хотя глиняные таблички не выглядят очень красиво, они были долговечными, и некоторые из них не дожили до сегодняшнего дня. Самые ранние книги древнего мира были написаны на папирусе и шкур молодых животных. Эти книги приняли форму длинной полосой, прокат из одного цилиндра в другой. Эти сочинения были известны римлянам, как volúmen от которого происходит слово объем. Хотя бумага была известна inChina с первого века, секрет изготовления бумаги пришли toEurope гораздо позже. Книги были весьма распространены в ancientRome: мы знаем, что там было много книготорговцев и первая публичная библиотека была основана там около 39 г. до н.э. Только богатые люди могли купить книги или сделать их рабами копировать книги из важных библиотек. К тому времени, средневековья все книги были почерк и часто красиво оформлены. Библиотеки, используемые для цепных книг на полки так, чтобы они не могли быть удалены из здания. Но очень немногие люди могли читать их. Изобретение книгопечатания было действительно большое событие в истории. Первые люди изобретать печать были китайцы. InEuropethere было несколько человек, которые могут быть вызваны изобретателей печати. Наиболее известным является Иоганн Гутенберг fromGermany. Печать быстро распространился по Europeand к концу 15-го века насчитывалось более 200 прессов. Ранние принтеры были не только ремесленники, но и редакторы, издатели и книготорговцы. Первый печатный станок inEngland был создан Уильямом Кэкстон atWestminster в 1476, и первый печатный пресс inRussia - Иван Федоров inMoscow в 1564 печатанию книг вскоре достиг очень высокого уровня и мастера были по праву гордиться своей работой. В конце концов было все больше и больше людей, которые могли бы вЕвропе прочитали, и они хотели больше и больше книг. Это привело к открытию нескольких библиотек. Ранние библиотеки использовались только учеными и было мало. К концу постепенно они выросли в количестве и стали использоваться для общественности. В 19 веке стали появляться надлежащей системы публичных библиотек. Теперь большинство стран имеют свои собственные национальные библиотеки. Многие старые университетские библиотеки имеют богатые коллекции книг: Оксфорд и Кембридж в Англии, Гарвард и Йель в Соединенных Штатах. Среди великих библиотек мира можно назвать Британский музей библиотека (Британская библиотека) в Лондоне, Библиотека Конгресса в Соединенных Штатах, в Национальной библиотеке Франции, Библиотеке Пекине в Китае, Государственной публичной библиотеке в Москве. Крупнейший в мире является Библиотека Конгресса США о. Он содержит около 90 миллионов единиц - книги и рукописи. Библиотека была основана в 1800 году в Вашингтоне, округ Колумбия, для использования Конгресса, а затем стала публичной библиотеки. Национальная библиотека восходит к 17-м веке, и Британский музей Библиотека была создана в 18 веке. Государственная публичная библиотека inMoscow была основана в 1862 году и имеет уникальные коллекции книг. Современные библиотеки сделать все возможное, чтобы помочь людям получить информацию как можно быстрее. Они используют компьютеры и электронные каталоги. Вероятно, наиболее сложной проблемой для любой библиотеки, чтобы сохранить свои книги, журналы и фильмы. Как они это делают, это новая история.










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