THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Respiration

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Respiration occurs in all living things, both plants and animals. Proper functioning of this system is perhaps the single most important factor in the sustaining of life. Interruption of breathing for only a few minutes by suffocation or strangulation causes death. In the human organism, respiration consists of those processes by which the body cells and tissues make use of oxygen and by which carbon dioxide or the waste products of respiration are removed.
Inhaled air contains about 20 per cent oxygen and four hundredths of one per cent carbon dioxide. Exhaled air consists of approximately 16 per cent oxygen and 4 per cent carbon dioxide. Nitrogen, which makes up about 79 per cent of the atmosphere, is not involved in the breathing process! When air is inhaled into the lungs, a portion of the oxygen is passing into the blood and is being circulated through the body. At the same time, carbon dioxide is being diffused out of the blood into the lungs and exhaled.
Air is breathed through either the mouth or nose into the oral cavity, or pharynx. It then passes through the voice box, or larynx, into the windpipe, or trachea. The trachea ultimately divides into two smaller tubes called bronchi, one is going to each lung. The bronchi divide into tiny passage-ways that are named bronchioles, which lead directly to minute air sacs, or alveoli. The exchange of life-giving gases is effected through the walls of the alveoli.
Mechanisms in the upper respiratory tract serve to filter, and warm the air in its journey to the lungs. The hairs, or cilia, in the nostrils partially filter out dust particles as does sticky secretion called mucus, which has been produced by mucous cells lining the mouth, nasal passages, pharynx and trachea. Cilia in the nasal passages and trachea are effective in helping to remove foreign particles from the upper respiratory tract.
Other structures connected with the system include: the laryngeal tonsils, which are masses of tissue in the nasopharynx or posterior portions of the nasal passages (adenoids are infected or diseased laryngeal tonsils); the sinuses, cavities in the bones in the front part of the skull that provide resonance to the voice, and the pleura, which is a double-walled membrane surrounding the lungs.
The diaphragm contracts and flattens, contributing to the extension of the vertical diameter of the thoracic cavity and raising the ribs. Air is constantly renewing in the lungs. The capacity of the air passages is increasing. Any muscular effort, e.g. even standing up, increases the number of respirations.

Результаты (китайский) 1:

呼吸系统呼吸作用发生在所有的生物，植物和动物。这个系统正常运作或许是在维持生活单一最重要的因素。只有几分钟的窒息或扼杀呼吸中断会导致死亡。在人的机体，呼吸由组成的人体细胞和组织使这些进程使用的氧气和由碳移除二氧化碳或废品的呼吸。吸入的空气含有约 20%氧和 1%二氧化碳四百分之一。呼出的空气组成的大约 16%氧气和 4%的二氧化碳。氮，这使得约占大气的 79%，不参与呼吸过程!当空气吸入肺部时，一部分氧气进入血液，通过身体分发。同时，二氧化碳正在扩散从血液进入肺部，然后吐出。空气注入通过嘴或鼻子的口腔或咽部。然后通过语音信箱或喉，进气管或气管。气管最终划分成两个较小的管子，即所谓支气管，一个去每个肺。支气管分为微小通道是命名，直接导致微小气囊的细支气管和肺泡。交换的赋予生命的气体通过肺泡壁。在上呼吸道感染机制服务的过滤，和温暖的空气中它对肺部的旅途。粘性分泌物称为粘液，形成的衬砌嘴、 鼻、 咽和气管的粘液细胞一样的毛或纤毛的鼻孔内，部分过滤掉尘埃粒子。鼻腔和气管纤毛能有效地帮助清除异物颗粒从上呼吸道感染。其他与系统连接的结构包括: 喉的扁桃腺，这是在鼻咽组织群众或后部部分的鼻腔 (腺样体是感染或患病的喉扁桃体);在骨骼中的头骨前部提供的声音，共振腔，鼻窦和胸膜，是一种双壁膜周围肺。横膈膜合同并展平，贡献的胸腔内的垂直直径扩展和提高肋骨。空气不断更新在肺部。增加了空气通道的能力。任何肌肉的力量，例如甚至站起来，增加呼吸的数量。

Результаты (китайский) 3:

呼吸系统呼吸系统的呼吸在所有生物中发生，动植物和动物都有。这个系统的正确运作也许是生命维持中最重要的因素之一。只有几分钟的窒息或窒息呼吸中断导致死亡。在人体内，呼吸是由那些过程是由身体细胞和组织利用氧和二氧化碳或呼吸的废物清除。
吸入的空气中含有约20的氧气和四的百分百分之一的二氧化碳。呼出的空气中包含约16的氧气和4的二氧化碳。氮，其中约占79左右的大气，不参与呼吸过程！当空气被吸入肺部时，氧气的一部分被传递到血液中，并通过身体散发。同时，二氧化碳正从血液中扩散到肺部，呼出空气，空气通过口腔或鼻腔进入口腔，或咽。然后通过语音信箱，或喉，入气管，或气管。气管最终分为两小支气管管称，一是要每个肺。支气管分为小通道，称为细支气管，这直接导致微小气囊，或肺泡。生命的交换使气体通过肺泡壁的影响。
在上呼吸道的机制，以过滤，温暖的空气在其旅程的肺部。鼻孔中的毛发，或纤毛，部分地过滤掉灰尘颗粒，如粘液细胞所产生的粘液细胞分泌粘液，这已经产生了口腔、鼻腔、咽和气管。在鼻腔和气管纤毛帮助从上呼吸道异物的有效去除。
其他结构连接系统包括：喉扁桃体，是在鼻咽部或鼻腔后部软组织肿块（腺样体感染或患病的喉扁桃体）；鼻窦，在对语音提供共振头骨前部的骨腔，与胸膜，这是一个双壁周围肺膜。
隔膜合同和平坦，导致了胸腔的垂直直径的延伸和提高肋骨。空气在肺部不断更新。空气通道的容量增加。任何肌肉的力量，即使站起来，增加呼吸次数。