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Alashaa moving toward the de facto forefrontWithin merely a year from mid-1937, the seat of the war-besieged Nationalist regimewas withdrawn from Nanking, first to Wuhan in Hubei Province, and then toChongqing in Sichuan. It was also around 1937–1938 that rumors began to prevailconcerning the creation of a new Muslim state in western portion of InnerMongolian steppe under Japanese auspices. In order to win over the sympathies oflocal Sinicized Muslims, the Japanese military intelligence in Inner Mongolia hadallegedly trained thousands of young Muslims, who would be sent to Ningxia,Gansu and Qinghai, to install a new regime with strong Muslim identity.20 Therumor was so real, and the Nationalist credibility among the ethnic minoritycommunities in these border regions remained so weak, that, in early 1939, it wasfurther reported that several Tibetan and Mongolian tribal groups in Golok andTsaidam regions in Qinghai would soon agree to recognize Japanese suzerainty.Chiang Kai-shek and his national security advisors in Chongqing were extremelyanxious that Japanese penetration into Chinese Inner Asia would result in a seriousdomino effect upon non-Han ethnic communities, particularly the de factoindependent Tibet, thus causing a two-fledged threat to Sichuan proper.21After 1937, severe warfare between Japan and China took place not only incoastal areas, but also in Inner Mongolia. Between fall 1937 and early 1940,Japanese troops marched westward, capturing the strategic Peking-Suiyuan railway,and consecutively occupying the key cities of KoЁ k Ёe Khoto (Guihua), Baotou, andWuyuan.22 For the sake of weakening the legitimacy of Nationalist rule anddismembering China both politically and territorially, at the early stage of war theJapanese continued to make overtures toward, and seek collaboration with, non-Han ethnic minorities in Inner Mongolia. Immediately after seizing the importantindustrial and commercial center of Baotou, the Japanese enthusiastically assistedlocal Muslim elites in organizing their own militia under the command of aJapanese-supported ‘Muslim Supervisory Commission’. Taking advantage of thisnewly created body as a springboard, the Japanese were now in a favorable positionto take over the abundant political, economic and industrial resources of the localareas.23Actually, even before the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, secret contacts hadalready been forged between Japan and influential Muslim elites in Inner Mongolia.Ma Hongkui ( ), Governor of Ningxia, in particular, was an ideal target for the
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