History of economic thought Economi

History of economic thought
Economic thought goes back thousands of years. The ancient Greek, Xenophon, used the word oikonomikos (from oikos, meaning family, household, estate, and nomos, for usage, law). He was talking about skilful or clever ways to manage land and households. We could call many of Aristotle's political writings economics, although he did not use the word. The English word economics first appeared in the 19th century -two and a half thousand years after Xenophon.
Early economic thought was all about the meaning of wealth or being rich. These early thinkers asked, 'what makes a state or a country wealthy?' For nearly 2,000 years, the answer was very simple: gold. A country or nation's wealth depended on its owning precious metals. This simple view of the economy remained until medieval times. During medieval times - roughly the period between 1100 and 1500 AD, trading between nations grew, and a new social class appeared. These were merchants, people who made their money through the buying and selling of goods, and they began to write their own thoughts on the economy. They saw the economy as a way to make the state strong. For them, the nation's wealth depended on stocks of gold and the size of the population. More people meant bigger armies and a stronger state. These were still simple ideas. However, daily experience had also taught people many basic economic concepts. For example, they understood the importance of trade with other states. They realised that scarcity makes things more expensive and abundance makes them cheaper. Modern economics was really born in the 19th century. At this time, thinkers like Adam Smith wrote down ideas that are still important today. Adam Smith is often called the Father of Modern Economics, although the science was called political economy then. Smith realised that a nation's wealth depended on its ability to produce goods. The value of these goods depended on the cost of production. The cost of production depended on the cost of workers, raw materials and land. This was really the first example of macroeconomics. Smith and other classical economists were writing at a time of great change. The industrial revolution had begun. Paper money began to replace precious metals. The middle classes were growing stronger. Economists' theories echoed these changes. They wrote about the division of labour (each worker taking their part in the production process). They discussed the problems of population growth. They influenced thinking about social classes. For classical economists, the value of goods depends on the cost of production. However, the price of goods is not always the same as their real cost. Later economists developed new theories to explain this weakness in classical economics. These are known as the neoclassical economists and they were writing at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries. In neoclassical economics, supply and demand make the economy work. In other words, the price of goods depends on how much people want them and how easily they can be found. Consumers want satisfaction from their resources (time and money). Firms want profit. In neoclassical economics, this is the basic relationship in the economy. These ideas are still the basis of economic thinking today.

Результаты (русский) 1:

История экономической мысли Экономическая мысль насчитывает тысячи лет. Древние греки, Ксенофонта, используется слово oikonomikos (от oikos, смысл семьи, домашнее хозяйство, недвижимости и Номос, для использования, закона). Он говорил о умная или искусные способы управления землей и домашних хозяйств. Мы могли бы назвать многие Аристотеля политические сочинительства экономики, хотя он не использовать слово. Английское слово экономики впервые появились в XIX веке-два с половиной тысяч лет после Ксенофонта.Early economic thought was all about the meaning of wealth or being rich. These early thinkers asked, 'what makes a state or a country wealthy?' For nearly 2,000 years, the answer was very simple: gold. A country or nation's wealth depended on its owning precious metals. This simple view of the economy remained until medieval times. During medieval times - roughly the period between 1100 and 1500 AD, trading between nations grew, and a new social class appeared. These were merchants, people who made their money through the buying and selling of goods, and they began to write their own thoughts on the economy. They saw the economy as a way to make the state strong. For them, the nation's wealth depended on stocks of gold and the size of the population. More people meant bigger armies and a stronger state. These were still simple ideas. However, daily experience had also taught people many basic economic concepts. For example, they understood the importance of trade with other states. They realised that scarcity makes things more expensive and abundance makes them cheaper. Modern economics was really born in the 19th century. At this time, thinkers like Adam Smith wrote down ideas that are still important today. Adam Smith is often called the Father of Modern Economics, although the science was called political economy then. Smith realised that a nation's wealth depended on its ability to produce goods. The value of these goods depended on the cost of production. The cost of production depended on the cost of workers, raw materials and land. This was really the first example of macroeconomics. Smith and other classical economists were writing at a time of great change. The industrial revolution had begun. Paper money began to replace precious metals. The middle classes were growing stronger. Economists' theories echoed these changes. They wrote about the division of labour (each worker taking their part in the production process). They discussed the problems of population growth. They influenced thinking about social classes. For classical economists, the value of goods depends on the cost of production. However, the price of goods is not always the same as their real cost. Later economists developed new theories to explain this weakness in classical economics. These are known as the neoclassical economists and they were writing at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries. In neoclassical economics, supply and demand make the economy work. In other words, the price of goods depends on how much people want them and how easily they can be found. Consumers want satisfaction from their resources (time and money). Firms want profit. In neoclassical economics, this is the basic relationship in the economy. These ideas are still the basis of economic thinking today.

Результаты (русский) 2:

История экономической мысли
Экономическая мысль насчитывает тысячи лет. Древнегреческий, Ксенофонт, использовал слово oikonomikos (от OIKOS, что означает семью, домашнее хозяйство, имущество и Номос, для использования, права). Он говорил о искусных или умных способов управления землей и домохозяйств. Мы могли бы назвать многих публицистике экономики Аристотеля, хотя он и не использовать слово. В английском языке слово экономика впервые появился в -Два 19-го века с половиной тысячи лет после Ксенофонт.
Раннее экономической мысли все о значении богатства или быть богатым. Спросил Эти ранние мыслители, «что делает государство или страну богатой? В течение почти 2000 лет, ответ был очень прост: золото. Страна или богатство нации зависит от ее владельцев драгоценных металлов. Этот простой вид экономики оставался до средневековых времен. В средневековые времена - примерно в период между 1100 и 1500 г., торговая между странами вырос, и появилась новая социальная класс. Это были торговцы, люди, которые сделали свои деньги через покупку и продажу товаров, и они начали писать свои собственные мысли на экономику. Они видели экономику как способ сделать государство сильным. Для них, богатство нации зависит от запасов золота и численности населения. Все больше людей в виду большие армии и сильного государства. Это были еще простые идеи. Тем не менее, ежедневный опыт также научил людей многие основные экономические понятия. Например, они поняли важность торговли с другими странами. Они поняли, что дефицит делает вещи более дорогими и обилие делает их дешевле. Современная экономика была действительно родился в 19 веке. В это время, такие мыслители, как Адам Смит записал идеи, которые актуальны и сегодня. Адам Смит часто называют отцом современной экономики, хотя наука была названа политической экономии времени. Смит понял, что богатство нации зависит от ее способности производить товары. Значение этих товаров зависит от стоимости производства. Стоимость производства зависит от стоимости рабочих, сырья и земли. Это был действительно первый пример макроэкономики. Смит и другие классические экономисты писали в то время больших перемен. Промышленный переворот начался. Бумажные деньги стали заменять драгоценные металлы. Средние классы крепли. Теории экономистов повторил эти изменения. Они писали о разделении труда (каждый работник принимает свою роль в процессе производства). Они обсудили проблемы роста населения. Они влияли думать о социальных классов. Для классических экономистов, стоимость товаров зависит от стоимости производства. Тем не менее, цена товара не всегда совпадает с их реальной стоимости. Позже экономисты разработали новые теории, объясняющие этот недостаток в классической экономики. Они известны как неоклассических экономистов и они писали в конце 19 и начале 20 веков. В неоклассической экономике, спрос и предложение сделать работу экономики. Другими словами, цена товара зависит от того, сколько человек хотят их и насколько легко они могут быть найдены. Потребители хотят удовлетворение от своих ресурсов (времени и денег). Фирмы желают прибыль. В неоклассической экономике, это и есть основная отношения в экономике. Эти идеи до сих пор являются основой экономического мышления сегодня.