Civil engineering. The term "engine

Civil engineering. The term "engineering" is a modern one. The New Marriam-
Webster Dictionary gives the explanation of the word "engineering"
as the practical application of scientific and mathematical principles.
Nowadays the term "engineering" means, as a rule, the art of
designing, constructing, or using engines. But this word is now applied
*in a more extended sense. It is applied also to the art of
executing such works as the objects of civil and military architecture,
in which engines or other mechanical appliances are used. Engineering
is divided into many branches. The most important of them
are: civil, mechanical, electrical, nuclear, mining, military, marine,
and sanitary engineering.
While the definition "civil engineering " dates back only two centuries,
the profession of civil engineer is as old as civilized life. It
started developing with the rise of ancient Rome. In order to understand
clearly what civil engineering constitutes nowadays, let us
consider briefly the development of different branches of engineering.
Some form of building and utilization of the materials and forces
of nature have always been necessary for the people from the
prehistoric times. The people had to protect themselves against the
elements and sustain themselves in the conflict with nature.
First the word "civil engineering" was used to distinguish the
work of the engineer with a non-military purpose from that of a military
engineer. And up to about the middle of the 18th century there
were two main branches of engineering — civil and military. T h e
former included all those branches of the constructive.art not directly
connected with military operations and the constructions of fortifications,
while the latter2, military engineering, concerned itself with the applications of science and the utilization of building materials
in the art of war.
But as time went on, the art of civil engineering was enriched with
new achievements of science. With the beginning of the Industrial
Revolution and later ther,e came a remarkable series of mechanical
inventions, great discoveries in electrical science and atomic energy.
It led to differentiation of mechanical, electrical, nuclear engineering,
etc.
It is a well-known fact that with the invention of the steam engine
and the growth of factories a number of civil engineers became interested
in the practical application of the science of mechanics and
thermodynamics to the design of machines. They separated themselves
from civil engineering, and were called "mechanical engineers".
With the development of the science of electricity, there appeared
another branch of the engineering — electrical engineering. It is
devided now into two main branches: communications engineering
and power engineering.
In the middle of the 20lh century there appeared some other new
branches of engineering — nuclear engineering and space engineering.
The former is based on atomic physics, the latter — on the
achievements of modern science and engineering.
At present there are hundreds of subdivisions of engineering, but
they all, at one time or another, branched off from civil engineering.
The term "civil engineering" has two distinct meanings. In the
widest and oldest sense it includes all non-military branches of engineering
as it did two centuries ago. But in its narrower, and at the
present day more correct sense, civil engineering includes mechanical
engineering, electrical engineering, metallurgical, and mining
engineering.

Результаты (русский) 1:

Гражданское строительство. Термин «Инжиниринг» является современным. Новый Marriam-Словарь Вебстера дает объяснение слово «Инжиниринг»как практическое применение научных и математических принципов.В настоящее время термин «Машиностроение» означает, как правило, искусствоПроектирование, строительство или с использованием двигателей. Но это слово сейчас применяется* в более расширенном смысле. Это применяется также к искусствувыполнение таких работ как объекты гражданской и военной архитектуры,в котором используются двигатели или другие механические приспособления. Инжинирингделится на множество ветвей. Наиболее важные из нихявляются: гражданского, механические, электрические, ядерной, горнодобывающей промышленности, военных, морской,и сантехника.В то время как определение «строительство» восходит только двух столетий,профессии инженер так же стара, как цивилизованной жизни. Этоначали развиваться с ростом древнего Рима. Для того чтобы понятьясно, какие инженерные представляет сегодня, давайтекратко рассмотрим развитие различных отраслей машиностроения.Некоторые формы здания и использование материалов и силыприроды всегда были необходимые для людей отдоисторические времена. Люди должны были защитить себя отэлементы и поддерживать себя в конфликт с природой.Сначала слово «строительство» используется для различенияРабота инженера с целью военно-от этого военногоengineer. And up to about the middle of the 18th century therewere two main branches of engineering — civil and military. T h eformer included all those branches of the constructive.art not directlyconnected with military operations and the constructions of fortifications,while the latter2, military engineering, concerned itself with the applications of science and the utilization of building materialsin the art of war.But as time went on, the art of civil engineering was enriched withnew achievements of science. With the beginning of the IndustrialRevolution and later ther,e came a remarkable series of mechanicalinventions, great discoveries in electrical science and atomic energy.It led to differentiation of mechanical, electrical, nuclear engineering,etc.It is a well-known fact that with the invention of the steam engineand the growth of factories a number of civil engineers became interestedin the practical application of the science of mechanics andthermodynamics to the design of machines. They separated themselvesfrom civil engineering, and were called "mechanical engineers".With the development of the science of electricity, there appearedanother branch of the engineering — electrical engineering. It isdevided now into two main branches: communications engineeringand power engineering.In the middle of the 20lh century there appeared some other newbranches of engineering — nuclear engineering and space engineering.The former is based on atomic physics, the latter — on theachievements of modern science and engineering.At present there are hundreds of subdivisions of engineering, butthey all, at one time or another, branched off from civil engineering.The term "civil engineering" has two distinct meanings. In thewidest and oldest sense it includes all non-military branches of engineeringas it did two centuries ago. But in its narrower, and at thepresent day more correct sense, civil engineering includes mechanicalengineering, electrical engineering, metallurgical, and miningengineering.

Результаты (русский) 3:

гражданского строительства.термин "инжиниринг" является современное.новые marriam -
вебстер словарь дает объяснение слово "инжиниринг"
как практического применения науки и математических принципах.
сегодня термин "инжиниринг" средства, как правило, искусство: проектирование, строительство, или с использованием двигателей.но это слово в настоящее время
* в более широком смысле.это относится также и к искусству
исполнении таких работ, как объекты гражданской и военной архитектуры,
, в котором двигатели и другие механические приборы используются.инженерные
состоит из многих отраслей.наиболее важные из них
: гражданских, механическое, электрическое, ядерные, горнодобывающей промышленности, военные, морской,
и сантехника.
хотя определение "машиностроение" восходит лишь два столетия,
профессия инженера - строителя, так же стара, как и цивилизованной жизни.это
начал развиваться с ростом в древнем риме.для того чтобы понять, что гражданское строительство представляет собой сегодня ясно: давайте
кратко рассмотреть развития разных отраслей машиностроения.
некоторые формы строительных материалов и их использование и сил
природы всегда были необходимы для людей из
в доисторические времена.люди, чтобы защитить себя от
элементов и поддерживать себя в конфликте с природой.
первое слово "машиностроение" используется, чтобы отличить
работы инженера с невоенные цели у военных.