NORWICH was one of the chief provincial cities of medieval England. Wh перевод - NORWICH was one of the chief provincial cities of medieval England. Wh русский как сказать

NORWICH was one of the chief provin

NORWICH was one of the chief provincial cities of medieval England. When its walls were constructed (from 1197 to 1223), they enclosed almost a square mile, an area as big as that of the City of London. By that time it had become the capital of East Anglia. Its majestic cathedral and the narrow winding streets around it still remind the visitor of those ancient times.
LEEDS in West Yorkshire is a great commercial city, and its people are very proud of it. Some of the warehouses and factories which made it a wealthy city in the 18th and 19th centuries were destroyed some twenty to thirty years ago, but recently many have been renovated and developed for commercial or residential use. There are now many new buildings, as well as important historical buildings in the city centre.
BRIGHTON is a seaside resort on the English Channel. Only 50 miles (80km) from London, it offers a good variety of lively entertainment. It is a cheerful place, bustling and crowded in the summer, but alive at every season of the year. Its royal pavilion is a masterpiece of eccentric English architecture.
DURHAM. Whatever travelers see or do not see in England, they must see this city, in the north east, just south of Newcastle upon Tyne. No one can forget the sight of its cathedral and castle rising together on a steep hill overlooking a loop in the River Wear, which almost surrounds them. The cathedral itself is one of the great medieval buildings of Europe.
LIVERPOOL, a port in the north west of England, has a quality that is not found in quite the same way anywhere else in England: the quality of grandeur. Liverpool has this grandeur in its site on the broad Mersey river (more than half a mile wide) with the houses rising above it; in its great dock buildings, its broad streets, and its two enormous cathedrals.
EDINBURGH has long been the capital of Scotland. Edinburgh Castle is Edinburgh's principal building, dominating the city, perched on a rock over a hundred metres above sea level. Another important building is the Palace of Holyrood House, begun by James IV around 1500. In between the castle and the palace is the Royal Mile, which was the centre of Edinburgh life before the 17th century and is fascinating to visit now.

THE SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT

In theory, the British constitution has three branches: Parliament, which makes laws, the government, which 'executes' laws i.e. puts them into effect, and the law courts, which interpret laws. Although the Queen is officially head of all three branches, she has little direct power.
Parliament has two parts: the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Members of the House of Commons are elected by the voters of 650 constituencies. They are known as MPs, or Members of Parliament. The Prime Minister, or leader of the Government, is also an MP, usually the leader of the political party with a majority in the House of Commons.
The Prime Minister is advised by a Cabinet of about twenty other ministers. The Cabinet includes the ministers in charge of major government departments or ministries. Departments and ministries are run by civil servants, who are permanent officials. Even if the Government changes after an election, the same civil servants are employed.
Members of the House of Lords (peers) are not elected. About 70 per cent of them are 'hereditary peers' because their fathers were peers before them. The other 30 per cent are 'life peers', whose titles are not passed on to their children. They are officially appointed by the Queen, on the advice of the Government, for various services to the nation.
Parliament
Functions of Parliament
• making laws
• providing money for government, through taxation
• examining government policy, administration and spending
• debating political questions.

Making new laws: Bills and Acts
A proposal for a new law is called a bill. Bills may be introduced in either the House of Commons or the House of Lords by any member. In practice most bills are proposed by the Government. After being discussed and perhaps changed, the bill is sent to the other House to go through the same process. When both Houses agree on a text, the bill is sent to the Queen for her signature (or 'Royal Assent') at which point it becomes an Act of Parliament. A bill which has been passed by the House of Commons is almost certain to become law, and about fifty bills become Acts each year. The House of Lords can revise bills but it cannot stop them from becoming Acts; it can only delay the process. The Royal Assent is a formality: no sovereign has refused a bill since 1707.
Many countries have a written constitution like that of the United States. Because this is not the case in Britain, there are no special procedures for changing the laws which govern the country. If a political party has a clear majority in the House of Commons it can make new laws and give itself new powers. This allows a Government to make radical changes in the law.

The Government

Functions of the Prime Minister
• leading the majority party
• running the Government
• appointing Cabinet Ministers and other ministers
• representing the nation in political matters
The Cabinet
Since the eighteenth century the Cabinet has been increasingly responsible for deciding policies and controlling and coordinating government administration. It meets in private and its discussions are secret. When a policy has been decided, an individual minister must either support it or resign, because the Cabinet acts as one body with 'collective responsibility'.
The Prime Minister has considerable individual power to introduce and control policies, and to change the Cabinet by appointing new ministers, sacking old ones, or 'reshuffling' the Cabinet by moving its members to other Cabinet posts.

The LAW COURTS
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NORWICH was one of the chief provincial cities of medieval England. When its walls were constructed (from 1197 to 1223), they enclosed almost a square mile, an area as big as that of the City of London. By that time it had become the capital of East Anglia. Its majestic cathedral and the narrow winding streets around it still remind the visitor of those ancient times.LEEDS in West Yorkshire is a great commercial city, and its people are very proud of it. Some of the warehouses and factories which made it a wealthy city in the 18th and 19th centuries were destroyed some twenty to thirty years ago, but recently many have been renovated and developed for commercial or residential use. There are now many new buildings, as well as important historical buildings in the city centre.BRIGHTON is a seaside resort on the English Channel. Only 50 miles (80km) from London, it offers a good variety of lively entertainment. It is a cheerful place, bustling and crowded in the summer, but alive at every season of the year. Its royal pavilion is a masterpiece of eccentric English architecture.DURHAM. Whatever travelers see or do not see in England, they must see this city, in the north east, just south of Newcastle upon Tyne. No one can forget the sight of its cathedral and castle rising together on a steep hill overlooking a loop in the River Wear, which almost surrounds them. The cathedral itself is one of the great medieval buildings of Europe.LIVERPOOL, a port in the north west of England, has a quality that is not found in quite the same way anywhere else in England: the quality of grandeur. Liverpool has this grandeur in its site on the broad Mersey river (more than half a mile wide) with the houses rising above it; in its great dock buildings, its broad streets, and its two enormous cathedrals. EDINBURGH has long been the capital of Scotland. Edinburgh Castle is Edinburgh's principal building, dominating the city, perched on a rock over a hundred metres above sea level. Another important building is the Palace of Holyrood House, begun by James IV around 1500. In between the castle and the palace is the Royal Mile, which was the centre of Edinburgh life before the 17th century and is fascinating to visit now.THE SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENTIn theory, the British constitution has three branches: Parliament, which makes laws, the government, which 'executes' laws i.e. puts them into effect, and the law courts, which interpret laws. Although the Queen is officially head of all three branches, she has little direct power.Parliament has two parts: the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Members of the House of Commons are elected by the voters of 650 constituencies. They are known as MPs, or Members of Parliament. The Prime Minister, or leader of the Government, is also an MP, usually the leader of the political party with a majority in the House of Commons.The Prime Minister is advised by a Cabinet of about twenty other ministers. The Cabinet includes the ministers in charge of major government departments or ministries. Departments and ministries are run by civil servants, who are permanent officials. Even if the Government changes after an election, the same civil servants are employed.Members of the House of Lords (peers) are not elected. About 70 per cent of them are 'hereditary peers' because their fathers were peers before them. The other 30 per cent are 'life peers', whose titles are not passed on to their children. They are officially appointed by the Queen, on the advice of the Government, for various services to the nation.ParliamentFunctions of Parliament• making laws• providing money for government, through taxation• examining government policy, administration and spending• debating political questions.Making new laws: Bills and ActsA proposal for a new law is called a bill. Bills may be introduced in either the House of Commons or the House of Lords by any member. In practice most bills are proposed by the Government. After being discussed and perhaps changed, the bill is sent to the other House to go through the same process. When both Houses agree on a text, the bill is sent to the Queen for her signature (or 'Royal Assent') at which point it becomes an Act of Parliament. A bill which has been passed by the House of Commons is almost certain to become law, and about fifty bills become Acts each year. The House of Lords can revise bills but it cannot stop them from becoming Acts; it can only delay the process. The Royal Assent is a formality: no sovereign has refused a bill since 1707.Many countries have a written constitution like that of the United States. Because this is not the case in Britain, there are no special procedures for changing the laws which govern the country. If a political party has a clear majority in the House of Commons it can make new laws and give itself new powers. This allows a Government to make radical changes in the law.The GovernmentFunctions of the Prime Minister• leading the majority party• running the Government• appointing Cabinet Ministers and other ministers• representing the nation in political mattersThe CabinetSince the eighteenth century the Cabinet has been increasingly responsible for deciding policies and controlling and coordinating government administration. It meets in private and its discussions are secret. When a policy has been decided, an individual minister must either support it or resign, because the Cabinet acts as one body with 'collective responsibility'.The Prime Minister has considerable individual power to introduce and control policies, and to change the Cabinet by appointing new ministers, sacking old ones, or 'reshuffling' the Cabinet by moving its members to other Cabinet posts.The LAW COURTS
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норвич - одна из главных провинциальных городах средневековой англии.когда его стены были построены (1197 - 1223), они заключены почти квадратный километр, в районе большой, как у лондонского сити.за это время он стал столицей восточной англии.ее величественный собор и узкими извилистыми улочками вокруг по - прежнему напомнить посетителю этих древних времен.
лидс в западный йоркшир - великий торгового города, и его люди очень гордится им.некоторые из магазинов и предприятий, которые сделали это богатый город в 18 - 19 веках были разрушены около 20 - 30 лет назад, но в последнее время многие были отремонтированы и разработаны для коммерческих и домашних.сейчас существует много новых зданий,а также важных исторических зданий в центре города.
брайтон - курорта на берегу ла - манша.только 50 миль (80 км) из лондона, он предлагает широкий ассортимент развлекательных заведений.это приятное место, шумных и переполненных летом, но живым на каждый сезон.ее королевский павильон - шедевр эксцентричной английский язык архитектуры.
дарем.все, что люди видят или не видят в англии, они должны увидеть в этом городе, на северо - востоке, just south of Newcastle Upon Tyne.никто не может забыть из виду своего собора и замка растет вместе на крутых холме петлю в реке ношу, которая почти их окружает.собор является одним из величайших средневековых зданий европы.
"ливерпуль",порт на северо - западе англии, есть качества, которые не нашли в точности где - то в англии: качество величия.ливерпуль имеет это великолепие в своем месте на широких мерси (более половины полумили) с домов роста выше; в его большой дока зданий, широкие улицы, и две огромные соборы.
эдинбург, давно в столице шотландии.эдинбургский замок - эдинбург главного здания, над городом, возвышающегося на рок - более ста метров над уровнем моря.еще одно важное здание дворца холирудское дом, начатый джеймс IV около 1500 человек.в период между замок и дворцом королевской миле,что было в центре эдинбурга жизни до 17 века и очень интересно посетить сейчас.



государственной системы, в теории, конституция великобритании имеет три ветви власти: парламент, который принимает законы, правительство, которое "исполняет" законов, а именно: ставит их в действие, и суды, которые толкуют законы.хотя королева официально главы всех трех ветвей власти,она имеет мало прямых власть.
парламент состоит из двух частей: в палате общин и палаты лордов.члены палаты общин избираются избирателей 650 участников.они известны как депутаты или члены парламента.премьер - министр или руководитель правительства, также депутат, как правило, лидером партии большинства в палате общин.
премьер - министр советует кабинет около 20 других министров.в состав кабинета вошли министры основных государственных ведомств и министерств.министерства и ведомства, находятся в ведении гражданских служащих, которые являются постоянными должностных лиц.даже если смены правительства после выборов, то же гражданских служащих работают.
членов палаты лордов (сверстников), не будут избраны.около 70% из них - по наследству сверстников, потому что их отцы были коллегами.остальные 30% "жизни сверстников", чьи названия не прошел на их детей.они назначаются королевой по рекомендации правительства, различных услуг нации.


• парламент функции парламента, чтобы законы: • предоставление денег для правительствапосредством налогообложения
• изучение политики правительства, администрации и расходы: • обсуждать политические вопросы.

принятия новых законов: законопроектов и актов
предложение по новому закону называется законопроект.законопроекты могут быть введены в палате общин и в палате лордов любого члена.на практике большинство законопроектов, предложенных правительством.после того, как рассматриваются и, возможно, изменить,законопроект будет направлен другой дом, чтобы пройти через то же самое.когда оба дома согласовать текст, законопроект направлен на ее подпись королевы (или "королевой"), когда она становится актом парламента.законопроект, который был принят в палате общин, почти наверняка станет законом, и около 50 законопроектов стали действия каждый год.палата лордов могут пересмотреть векселей, но он не может остановить их от превращения актов; она может лишь задержать этот процесс.королевская санкция - это формальность: ни одно суверенное отказался законопроект с 1707.
многие страны имеют письменную конституцию, как сша.потому что это не дело в британии, нет специальных процедур для изменения законов, которые управляют страной.если политическая партия имеет явное большинство в палате общин, он может внести новые законы и обеспечить себе новые полномочия.это позволяет правительству внести радикальные изменения в законе.



функции правительства премьер - министра: • ведущие партии большинства
• руководить правительством: • назначения министров и других министров: • представляет государство в политических вопросах,
кабинета.с XVIII века кабинет стал отвечать за определение политики и контроль и координацию государственной администрации.он проводит закрытые заседания и обсуждения держатся в секрете.когда политики было принято, отдельные министра, либо должны поддерживать его или уйти в отставку, потому что кабинет действует как одно тело с коллективной ответственности ".
премьер - министр имеет значительные индивидуальные державы внедрять и контроль политики, и изменить назначение нового кабинета министров, увольнения в старых, или "произвел перестановки в" кабинет, перемещая своих членов на другие должности в кабинете.

суды.
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